Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Psych 345 Lecture 11
Emotion
66
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
03/15/2009

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the 2 different ways to define emotion?
Definition

What are the 2 different ways to define emotion?

 

types and dimensions

Term
Whether people use types or dimensions to define 'emotion' often depends on what?
Definition

Whether people use types or dimensions to define 'emotion' often depends on what?

 

The experimental question they are asking

Term
'Basic emotions' is a 'types' definition of emotions.  What is the definition and whose idea was it?
Definition

'Basic emotions' is a 'types' definition of emotions.  What is the definition and whose idea was it?

 

'There are core basic emotions that all humans can experience.'

 

Darwin's definition

Term
Another 'types' definition of emotion is Paul Ekman's universal facial expressions. What 6 emotions does his model include?
Definition

Another 'types' definition of emotion is Paul Ekman's universal facial expressions. What 6 emotions does his model include?

 

Angry

Happy

Disgust

Surprise

Sadness

Fear

 

Term
Who came up with the idea of universal facial expressions?
Definition

Who came up with the idea of universal facial expressions?

 

Paul Ekman

 

Term
What are the 3 dimensions of emotion?
Definition

What are the 3 dimensions of emotion?

 

Valence

Intensity of arousal

Activated goals

Term
What are the 2 extremes of the 'valence' dimension of emotion? Give an example.
Definition

What are the 2 extremes of the 'valence' dimension of emotion?

 

 

Pleasant vs. unpleasant

 

Find a penny vs. step on gum

Term

What are the 2 extremes of the intensity of arousal dimension?

Give an example

Definition

What are the 2 extremes of the intensity of arousal dimension?

 

 

high vs. low

 

Find a penny vs. win the lottery

Term
What are the 2 extremes of the activated goals dimension of emotion? Give an example.
Definition

What are the 2 extremes of the activated goals dimension of emotion? Give an example.

 

 

approach vs. withdraw

 

see a smiling person vs. see an angry person

Term
What are the 3 ways of eliciting emotion under Operational Definitions?
Definition

What are the 3 ways of eliciting emotion under Operational Definitions?

 

Mood induction

Rewards and punishment

Emotionally-evocative stimuli

Term
Define 'mood induction' (a way of eliciting emotion)
Definition

Define 'mood induction' (a way of eliciting emotion)

 

You present a person with emotional stimuli such as film clips and encourage them to get into the mood.

Term
Define the rewards and punishment method of eliciting emotion.
Definition

Define the rewards and punishment method of eliciting emotion.

 

 

Give a reward like money or food, or a punishment like a shock or an aversive sound.

Term
Briefly explain the method of using 'emotionally-evocative stimuli' to elicit emotion.
Definition

Briefly explain the method of using 'emotionally-evocative stimuli' to elicit emotion.

 

Use words like 'cancer', 'love', or taboo words.

Or use emotionally-laden pictures like a gun being pointed at you.

Term
When attempting to measure emotion in an experiment, operational definitions of methods are grouped into which 2 main categories?
Definition

When attempting to measure emotion in an experiment, operational definitions of methods are grouped into which 2 main categories?

 

 

 Direct and indirect assessment

Term
When measuring emotion via direct assessment you are obtaining a ___  ____ from the subject.  2 things you might ask them are:
Definition

When measuring emotion via direct assessment you are obtaining a self report from the subject.  2 things you might ask them are:

 

How do you feel?

How would you rate this stimulus?

 

Term
When measuring emotion using indirect assessment, what are 3 possible methods?
Definition

When measuring emotion using indirect assessment, what are 3 possible methods?

 

Response choice

Reaction time

Psychophysiological-Autonomic arousal

Term
What is an example of the indirect assessment method of 'response choice' ?
Definition

What is an example of the indirect assessment method of 'response choice' ?

 

 An infant picks a to to play with (a bear, a lion, or a block) and their choice reveals the relative value of the different options

Term
Give an example of the reaction time method of indirect assessment of emotion.
Definition

Give an example of the reaction time method of indirect assessment of emotion.

 

The emotional stroop task: subjects may respond 'red' more slowly to ANGER than to RADIO

 

Term
Give 4 examples of things that could be measured using Psychophysiological-Autonomic arousal to indirectly measure emotion.
Definition

Give 4 examples of things that could be measured using Psychophysiological-Autonomic arousal to indirectly measure emotion.

 

-- GSR (Galvanic Skin Resp.) or SCR (skin conductance response), e.g. lying increases GSR

-- Heart rate

-- Startle eyeblink

-- Pupil diameter

 

Term
According to Zajonc (1984), what is the relationship between emotion and cognition?
Definition

According to Zajonc (1984), what is the relationship between emotion and cognition?

 

Emotion and cognition are independent.

Emotional processing occurs prior to cognitive processing.

Term
According to Zajonc (1984), emotion and cognition are independent and emotional processing occurs prior to cognitive processing.  What main piece of evidence is this model based on?
Definition

According to Zajonc (1984), emotion and cognition are independent and emotional processing occurs prior to cognitive processing.  What main piece of evidence is this model based on?

 

Presenting emotional stimuli subliminally (e.g., so quickly they were not consciously perceived) affects how subjects evaluate neutral stimuli that follow.

Term
According to Lazarus (1984), what is the relationship between emotion and cognition? Give an example.
Definition

According to Lazarus (1984), what is the relationship between emotion and cognition? Give an example.

 

Emotion is dependent on cognitive evaluation or appraisal.

When we are aroused (e.g., increased heart rate or sweating), our emotional response depends on how we cognitively evaluate a stimulus or situation.

Example:

- Are we looking at a sexually attractive person (excited)?

Are we looking down from the top of a tall building (scared)?

 

Term
According to modern neuroscience, what is the relationship between emotion and cognition?
Definition

According to modern neuroscience, what is the relationship between emotion and cognition?

 

They are independent in that they use different neural structures to some extent, but they are dependent in that there are many interactions between the neural structures.

 

Term
Who proposed the circuit of neural structures that eventually became known as part of the limbic system?  When did he propose it? What 4 structures were included?
Definition

Who proposed the circuit of neural structures that eventually became known as part of the limbic system?  When did he propose it? What 4 structures were included?

 

James Papez / 1932

 

 1) hypothalamus

2) anterior thalamus

3) cingulate gyrus

4) hippocampus

 

Term
What was the name given to James Papez's 1932 circuit for emotional processing?  Who came up with the name and when?
Definition

What was the name given to James Papez's 1932 circuit for emotional processing?  Who came up with the name and when?

 

the "Papez circuit"

MacLean / 1949

 

Term
What 3 structures did MacLean (1949) add to the Papez circuit? What is the name for the system after it was added to by MacLean?
Definition

What 3 structures did MacLean (1949) add to the Papez circuit? What is the name for the system after it was added to by MacLean?

 

1)  amygdala

2)  orbitofrontal cortex

 3)  parts of the basal ganglia

 

Papez circuit + these 3 =  " limbic system "

 

Term
What are the 2 problems with the "Limbic system" concept?
Definition

What are the 2 problems with the "Limbic system" concept?

 

 

 - It's unclear why some structures are 'limbic' and not others: what are the criteria?

 

- Some of the limbic regions are now known to be more important for non-emotional, cognitive behaviors (e.g. hippocampus)

 

Term
Why does the term "limbic system" remain so popular?
Definition

Why does the term "limbic system" remain so popular?

 

Because the amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex appear to play important roles in emotional processing.

 

Term
What type of lesions cause Kluver-Bucy syndrome? What species does it affect?
Definition

What type of lesions cause Kluver-Bucy syndrome? What species does it affect?

 

bilateral amygdala lesions;

affects monkeys not humans

 

Term
What are the 3 main symptoms of Kluver-Bucy syndrome?
Definition

What are the 3 main symptoms of Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

 

 - psychic blindness (approach objects that normally elicit a fear respopnse)

- Inappropriate/hypersexuality

- explore the environment orally

 

Term
What is 'psychic blindness' ?
Definition

What is 'psychic blindness' ?

 

Approach objects that normally elicit a fear response

Term
What conclusion about the amygdala has been made based on psychic blindness seen in Kluver-Bucy syndrome?
Definition

What conclusion about the amygdala has been made based on psychic blindness seen in Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

 

the amygdala may help us to form conditioned fear responses

Term

What evidence from rat studies supports the idea that the amygdala helps form conditioned fear responses?

 

What about human evidence?

Definition

What evidence from rat studies supports the idea that the amygdala helps form conditioned fear responses?

What about human evidence?

 

 Rats with damage to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala do not exhibit a conditioned fear response.

Humans show the same problem after amygdala damage as measured by Skin conductance response (SCR).

Term

What are the steps of the subcortical pathway to the amygdala involved with conditioned fear response? Is it fast or slow?

What 'question' is it trying to answer?

Definition

What are the steps of the subcortical pathway to the amygdala involved with conditioned fear response? Is it fast or slow?

What if-then statement does it try to answer?

 

 

 Sensory --> Thalamus --> Amygdala

 

It is fast.

 

" If a stimulus resembles a CS, get ready to respond. "

Term

What are the steps of the cortical pathway to the amygdala involved with conditioned fear response? Is it fast or slow?

What 'question' is it trying to answer?

Definition

What are the steps of the cortical pathway to the amygdala involved with conditioned fear response? Is it fast or slow?

What 'question' is it trying to answer?

 

 

Sensory --> Thalamus --> Cortex --> Amygdala

 

It is slow.

 

"If a stimulus IS a CS, then respond"

Term
Explain why the cortical pathway is slower than the subcortical pathway to the amygdala.
Definition

Explain why the cortical pathway is slower than the subcortical pathway to the amygdala.

 

The cortical pathway is slower because information must pass through the neocortex to be processed at the feature level, object level, concept level, and context level to determine whether or not the original stimulus is a CS.

(And it must know if it's a CS or not before it responds.)

Term
If a stimulus turns out to be a CS after the cortical pathway to the amygdala has been completed so the system responds, where does the response system go to (from the lateral nucleus of the amygdala) ?
Definition

If a stimulus turns out to be a CS after the cortical pathway to the amygdala has been completed so the system responds, where does the response system go to (from the lateral nucleus of the amygdala) ?

 

 The central nucles of the amygdala

 

Term

Fill in the table regarding double dissociation for declarative memory and fear conditioning.

 [image]

Definition

Fill in the table regarding double dissociation for declarative memory and fear conditioning.

[image]

Term
When patients do not show fear conditioning (SCR) due to amygdala damage, can they still recall that a CS is associated with a US? How does this contrast with amnesics with hippocampal damage?
Definition

When patients do not show fear conditioning (SCR) due to amygdala damage, can they still recall that a CS is associated with a US? How does this contrast with amnesics with hippocampal damage?

 

Yes they still recall the association.

Amnesics with hippocampal damage cannot recall the association, but they still show an SCR fear response to the CS. (exact opposite of amygdala damage)

Term
A patient who shows an SCR to CS but cannot recall the association between the CS and the US is most likely ____ and has _____ damage.
Definition
A patient who shows an SCR to CS but cannot recall the association between the CS and the US is most likely amnesic and has hippocampal damage.
Term
Explain the difference between fear conditioning and the instructed fear paradigm.
Definition

Explain the difference between fear conditioning and the instructed fear paradigm.

 

In fear conditioning, a subject gets shocked when he sees a blue box.  When he sees the blue box without being shocked he still exhibits a fear response.

 

In instructed fear, somebody simply tells the man that the blue box predicts being shocked. He still exhibits a fear response when he sees the blue box even though he has never been shocked.

Term
What did the Phelps (2001) study demonstrate regarding the instructed fear paradigm?
Definition

What did the Phelps (2001) study demonstrate regarding the instructed fear paradigm?

 

Subjects sweat significantly more when shown the blue box than when shown nothing or when shown a yellow box even without ever administering a shock to the subject.

 

Term

In the Phelps (2001) experiment with the blue boxes, what was activated in the fMRI of normal subjects who were expecting the shock because they were presented a blue box?

What does this indicate about the role of this area?

Definition

In the Phelps (2001) experiment with the blue boxes, what was activated in the fMRI of normal subjects who were expecting the shock because they were presented a blue box?

What does this indicate about the role of this area? 

 

the left amygdala was activated which indicates a role in explicit emotional learning

 

Term
In the Phelps (2001) blue box study, what type of damage eliminated the startle eyeblink response?
Definition

In the Phelps (2001) blue box study, what type of damage eliminated the startle eyeblink response?

 

left amygdala damage (bilateral damage counts as 'left' damage)

Term
Interpretation of the Phelps (2001) study:  ____ - dependent _____ memories can influence processing in the ___ during the instructional fear condition.
Definition
Interpretation of the Phelps (2001) study:  hippocampal - dependent declarative memories can influence processing in the amygdala during the instructional fear condition.
Term
What effect does emotion have on memory?
Definition

What effect does emotion have on memory?

 

it can enhance it

 

Term
In the Morris Water Maze, what 2 manipulations improved memory of platform location?  How was this enhancement blocked?  When does this lead us to conclude that amygdala-mediated memory enhancement occurs?
Definition

In the Morris Water Maze, what 2 manipulations improved memory of platform location?  How was this enhancement blocked?  When does this lead us to conclude that amygdala-mediated memory enhancement occurs?

 

Either physical stressor or stimulant drugs given during the retention interval AFTER the memory task has been trained.

Amygdala lesions block this enhancement.

Conclusion: amygdala-mediated memory enhancement occurs during consolidation.

Term
Emotional words are remembered better than non-emotional words is evidence for what?
Definition

Emotional words are remembered better than non-emotional words is evidence for what?

 

That amygdala-mediated memory enhancement occurs during consolidation.

Term
What 2 measures were recorded in Labar & Phelps' (1998) Taboo Word Study? Briefly describe the results of the experiment.
Definition

What 2 measures were recorded in Labar & Phelps' (1998) Taboo Word Study? Briefly describe the results of the experiment.

 

Verbal arousal rating and SCR.  Ratings for both measures were approximately double for taboo words compared to neutral words.  This approximation still held true for the data recorded one hour later, not just the immediate recall data.

Term
One role of the amygdala may be providing other systems with feedback.  What type of feedback is provided?  What are 2 examples supporting this idea.
Definition

One role of the amygdala may be providing other systems with feedback.  What type of feedback is provided?  What are 2 examples supporting this idea.

 

 

fast feedback to other systems that 'something emotional' is in the environment

 

1) amygdala responds to fearful faces

2) amygdala may increase attention to emotional events

 

Term
What 2 brain imaging studies have supported amygdala's response to fearful faces?
Definition

What 2 brain imaging studies have supported amygdala's response to fearful faces?

 

Breiter (1996)

and

Whalen (1998)

Term

In Whalen's (1998) study of subliminally presented fear faces, what noteable result regarding brain activity was obtained?

What does this result suggest?

Definition

In Whalen's (1998) study of subliminally presented fear faces, what noteable result regarding brain activity was obtained?

What does this result suggest?

 

 

- Extrastriate cortex increases correlated to amygdala activation

- Suggests that amygdala modulates attention to fearful stimuli

 

Term
What general deficit in face recognition do amygdala patients have?
Definition

What general deficit in face recognition do amygdala patients have?

 

None

Term
Which facial expressions do amygdala patients have difficulty generating?
Definition

Which facial expressions do amygdala patients have difficulty generating?

 

None, not even fearful ones

Term

Do amygdala patients normally experience difficulty interpreting emotional prosody (tone of voice / inflection) ?

What about when a person is speaking in a fearful tone of voice?

Definition

Do amygdala patients normally experience difficulty interpreting emotional prosody (tone of voice / inflection) ?

What about when a person is speaking in a fearful tone of voice?

 

No

&

No

Term
What deficit do amygdala patients have in detecting facial expressions?
Definition

What deficit do amygdala patients have in detecting facial expressions?

 

Trouble detecting fearful facial expressions (deficit strictly limited to this specific situation)

 

Term
The ability to recognize fearful expressions depends on what?
Definition

The ability to recognize fearful expressions depends on what?

 

seeing the 'whites' of another person's eyes

Term
If you explain to a person with amygdala damage that ability to recognize fearful expressions depends on seeing the whites of the eyes and instrct them to look at the eyes, what is their accuracy in recognizing fearful expressions relative to control subjects?
Definition

If you explain to a person with amygdala damage that ability to recognize fearful expressions depends on seeing the whites of the eyes and instrct them to look at the eyes, what is their accuracy in recognizing fearful expressions relative to control subjects?

 

 Normal accuracy

Term
What effect does limiting attentional resources have on awareness of events?
Definition

What effect does limiting attentional resources have on awareness of events?

 

when attentional resources are limited it is more likely that emotional events will reach awareness than non-emotional events

Term

What is the attentional blink effect?

How can emotion alter this effect?

Why does emotion NOT alter it in patients with amygdala damage?

Definition

What is the attentional blink effect?

How can emotion alter this effect?

Why does emotion NOT alter it in patients with amygdala damage?  

 

When visual stimuli are presented in sequence VERY rapidly, the time period of about 200-500 ms after a salient stimulus is a 'dead zone' for detecting a second salient stimulus.

 

 It is much more likely that emotional events will be detected during the 'dead zone' time period than non-emotional events.

- A damaged amygdala does not modulate perceptual encoding to enhance cognitive awareness of emotional events.

Term
Can amygdala patients still have a normal emotional life?
Definition

Can amygdala patients still have a normal emotional life?

 

Yes, they are not broadly impaired.

Term
What 3 particular disorders from psychopathology is the amygdala thought to have a role in?
Definition

What 3 particular disorders from psychopathology is the amygdala thought to have a role in?

 

 

Anxiety disorders like OCD and panic disorder

and

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

 

Term
What brain region plays a role in emotional labeling of angry faces?
Definition

What brain region plays a role in emotional labeling of angry faces?

 

 

right orbitofrontal cortex

Term
What brain region has been found to play a role in processing sad faces? (note: contradictory research exists)
Definition

What brain region has been found to play a role in processing sad faces? (note: contradictory research exists)

 

 

the amygdala

 

Term
What brain region is activated when subjects view facial expressions indicating disgust and when they smell unpleasant odors?
Definition

What brain region is activated when subjects view facial expressions indicating disgust and when they smell unpleasant odors?

 

 

the anterior insula

 

Supporting users have an ad free experience!