Term
| The subsystem of the autonomic system that is in charge of the Fight/Flight system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where the sympathetic system sends blood during Fight/Flight |
|
Definition
| The core and muscle groups, redirected away from the brain and extremities to avoid bleeding. |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic system handles what? |
|
Definition
| Digestion, sleeping, eating |
|
|
Term
| What does the parasympathetic system shut down during anxiety? |
|
Definition
| Digestion to conserve energy, resulting in dry mouth |
|
|
Term
| Criteria for Panic Disorder |
|
Definition
- Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks.
- Attacks followed by 1 month or more of
1. Persistent concern about future attacks
2. Significant changes in behavior related to attacks. |
|
|
Term
Associated features of Panic:
Avoidance (name 2) |
|
Definition
Agoraphobia
Interoceptive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Avoiding activities because they mimic or closely resembles feelings of panic (exercise, drinking caffeine, sauna's, movies, etc.) |
|
|
Term
Associated features of Panic:
Substance use/dependence
(Causes?) |
|
Definition
Many who develop substance abuse problems are those who have to leave the house for things like work, school; substances help them cope with the traumatic experience of having to go outside.
Women tend to develop agoraphobia, men tend to turn to substance abuse. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The extent to which one experiences negative affect and the ability to regulate it and its duration |
|
|
Term
| How is reactivity related to disorders? |
|
Definition
- Those high on reactivity are more at risk for things like depression.
- Reactivity levels are contributory, so both those with low and high reactivity are susceptible to disorder |
|
|
Term
| The BIS is a component of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the BIS is activated by signals that arise from the brain stem or descend from the cortex, our tendency is to: |
|
Definition
| Freeze, experience anxiety, and apprehensively evaluate the situation to confirm that danger is present. |
|
|
Term
| What contributes to the FFS being primed for more immediate action? |
|
Definition
| High reactivity in the BIS |
|
|
Term
| True/False: Environment can shape BIS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Persons who are at risk for GAD including panic seem to have a more sensitive cognitive radar for ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does one's interpretation cause Panic Disorder? |
|
Definition
- Depends on what a person considers to be a "threat"
- Perceived threat is what sets off BIS/FFS in the first place
- Personally relevant issues can pull our attention (ex: our names)
- Controllability, how much we feel we have in a situation
|
|
|
Term
| What is the over-reactive system involved in Panic Disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The FFS has been discovered as not actually being biologically/psychologically damaged. So what is the factor involved with the FFS that causes PD? |
|
Definition
| The interpretation of the biological changes resulting from a reactive FFS; basically, this is the fear of being afraid -- they fear their own fear reaction. |
|
|
Term
Treating Panic Disorder:
Beta Blockers -- Do they work? Why or why not? |
|
Definition
| No. Because they only block some of the fear response sensations, so the patient focuses only on the sensations they still feel. |
|
|
Term
Treating Panic Disorder:
CBT -- is it effective? |
|
Definition
| Extremely; has a near 90% response rate, which is one of the best treatment response rates in the medical community, period. |
|
|
Term
| What are some reasons that combined treatments for PD isn't effective? |
|
Definition
- Drugs can complicate things when the patient becomes addicted
- Doesn't help the patient work it out on their own, isn't as proactive
- Decreases efficacy in the experiment; tells the patient both "You have control over this on your own" and "You need this pill to help you control".
- Interference effect; can't expose someone to their bodily sensations if the medicine suppresses them. |
|
|
Term
| In PD, what are the drop out rates for meds and CBT? |
|
Definition
| 40% and 10%, respectively. |
|
|
Term
| In PD, what is the relapse rate for those taking meds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the big problem with the side-effects caused by most medicines used to treat Panic Disorder? (Dry mouth, agitation, insomnia, irritability, sexual dysfunction) |
|
Definition
| These effects create even more panic within the subjects, creating an interference effect where it's hard to identify what's really working and what isn't. |
|
|
Term
| What are some unintended effects of CBT and psychodynamic treatments? |
|
Definition
- Dependence, where the patient feels they can only change when they see their therapist.
- Psychodynamic therapy doesn't work well, bringing about discouraging and hopeless effects, increasing the risks or high risk suicidal patients with panic or depression.
- Also in psychodynamic, cost-effectiveness is a concern because it's a long-term kind of therapy. |
|
|
Term
| Does the FFS play a serious role in GAD? |
|
Definition
| No; deals with anxiety, not fear. |
|
|
Term
| What is the main difference between this and "normal" anxiety? |
|
Definition
| Intensity and Frequency (those with GAD have a baseline of worry and anxiety around 80-90% of the time) |
|
|
Term
GAD Diagnostic criteria:
- Excessive anxiety and worry for at least __ months
- Worry is ______ (controllable or not?) and associated with _____ (side-effects)
- Worry causes significant _____ or _____ |
|
Definition
- 6
- Uncontrollable; Restlessness, muscle tension, insomnia, GI, fatigue, concentration difficulty, irritability
- Distress, Impairment |
|
|
Term
| Explain how reactivity can contribute to GAD |
|
Definition
Reactivity is the potential to experience negative affect
Negative affect is your alert system
|
|
|
Term
| Explain how the BIS can contribute to GAD |
|
Definition
| A part of the BIS is a certain neurocircuit that underlies your capacity to be aware when something is being activated. It says "Look! We've got a challenge coming up." |
|
|
Term
| How can the environment (hint: involves BIS) contribute to GAD? |
|
Definition
| You can move yourself on the BIS via environment; being high on BIS is bad, but so is being low. You still want to be able to experience it. |
|
|
Term
| How does a "cognitive bias" play a role in GAD? |
|
Definition
| Since what a person considers a "threat" is so important here, a cognitive bias will let them more readily and easily identify a threat, real or perceived. |
|
|
Term
| How does the self-focus shift of a person with GAD differ from that of a normal person's? |
|
Definition
| The self-focus shift of a person with GAD is much higher, as they will over-estimate the effect of a result. ("I took a bad quiz, now my education is over") |
|
|
Term
| How have our attempts been so far to fix GAD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fill in the chart:
Real or perceived stress (_______ and _____ bias) means they perceive ____ info than the rest of us
VV
____________(I better start worrying because this and this is going to happen)
VV
Interpret as inability to _____
VV
Leads to _____
VV
______ and ______ are hindered
VV
Leads back to First step |
|
Definition
- Attention and Interpretation
- More info
- Self-focus shift
- Cope
- Worry
- Coping and Performance
|
|
|
Term
| Are meds helpful in treating GAD? Why or why not? |
|
Definition
| No, because they don't affect the cognitive process -- specifically, doesn't affect the worry process. |
|
|
Term
| In OCD, what do the "obsessions" consist of? |
|
Definition
| The thinking portion, where a person perceives something negative has happened ("I hit someone with my car") |
|
|
Term
| In OCD, what do the "compulsions" consist of? |
|
Definition
| The actions done because of the obsessions (Checking the fender, the road, etc. to make sure he didn't hit the guy.) |
|
|
Term
Cognitive psychological factors contributing to OCD -- Interpretations of the following:
Thoughts (what are they?)
Obsession of _______
______ is attached to these thoughts |
|
Definition
- Threatening
- Obsessing
- Meaning |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Obsessions are rarely ever connected. |
|
Definition
| False. Obsessions are usually "theme-based." |
|
|
Term
| True or false? OCD patients actually recognize that their fears are irrational, but are still unable to do anything about it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Behaviors in OCD:
What do they do with their thoughts?
What affect does this have on them?
What do they hope thought avoidance and undoing will accomplish? |
|
Definition
- Attempt to suppress them
- Actually makes it worse
- Hope their actions magically undoes the power of their thoughts. |
|
|
Term
| What are some biological causes of OCD? |
|
Definition
- Genetics -- reactivity level helps "create" OCD since it makes one more suceptible to it.
- Neurocircuits, how and where they are connected makes a difference.
|
|
|
Term
| What are some Environmental causes for OCD? |
|
Definition
- Stress-induced: Can prime the stress/reactivity functioning.
- Conditioning issues |
|
|
Term
| Psychological causes of OCD? |
|
Definition
- Thought-action fusion
- The belief that the thought is the same as doing that action
- Have a hard time separating thought from action |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the biologic treatments of OCD? |
|
Definition
Meds: SSRI's
Psychosurgery: One of the few places where this is used; saved as a last resort. |
|
|
Term
| Psychotherapeutic treatments for OCD? |
|
Definition
CBT:
- Exposure and Response Prevention
ERRP exposes them to that which they fear most to prevent response (ex: knife on table during therapy). Proven to actually change pathways in the brain, breaking the link through experience.
- Metacognitive reprocessing
Ability to step back from one's thoughts, they think differently about their own thinking. |
|
|
Term
| In OCD which is a more effective treatment between Meds and CBT/ERP? Why? |
|
Definition
| CBT/ERP, because meds simply dampen down the emotion-reaction process. Akin to "teach a man to fish" saying. |
|
|
Term
| What are some factors of diathesis among PTSD patients? |
|
Definition
- Reactivity
- Family Instability
- Social support
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Chronic exposure to something (constant neglect, for instance)
- Betrayal trauma |
|
|
