Term
| peer rejection, why rejected, what characterizes? |
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Definition
: being liked and accepted by peer group in elementary school leads to healthy psychological and social development, peer-rejected kids gravitate toward each other.
Why rejected? Typically for aggressive behavior, also can be too shy and socially withdrawn. Aggression + rejection = antisocial behavior, typically.
What characterizes rejected kids? More impulsive, problems sustaining attention (more disruptive), aroused to anger more easily, fewer social and interpersonal skills. |
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Term
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Definition
| peer group discussion of potential rule violations and deviant behavior, allows boys to explore their ideas about deviancy with their friends. Delinquents are more likely to go beyond the talk and actually “do it.” |
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Term
| parenting practices v styles |
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Definition
| Styles = parent-child interactions characterized by the parent’s attitude toward the kid and the emotional climate of the relationship. Non-goal-directed behaviours characterize this. Practice = strategies employed by parents to achieve specific academic, athletic, or social goals. |
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Term
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Definition
| try to shape, control, and evaluate the behavior of their kids in accordance with some preestablished, absolute standard. Numerous rules and reg’s that have to be observed, susually without question or explanation, kids need to be obedient and respectful. |
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Term
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Definition
| tolerant, nonpunitive, accepting attitudes toward their kids’ behavior, usually including anger or sex. Avoid asserting authority or restrictions on kids behavior. Ineffective. |
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Term
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Definition
| tolerant, nonpunitive, accepting attitudes toward their kids’ behavior, usually including anger or sex. Avoid asserting authority or restrictions on kids behavior. Ineffective. |
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Term
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Definition
| parents try to direct kids activities in a rational, issue-oriented manner. Open communication and frequent decision making with both parents and kids, reasoned discussion with social controls. |
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Term
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Definition
| parents try to direct kids activities in a rational, issue-oriented manner. Open communication and frequent decision making with both parents and kids, reasoned discussion with social controls. |
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Term
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Definition
| a large number of minor behavior are problematic, and the use ineffective, authoritatian strategies to control them. Don’t ignore trivial stuff; use too many vague verbal commands, disprove and “cajole” more frequently, but fail to consistently back up verbal reprimands with punishment. |
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Term
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Definition
| not sufficiently attuned to what constitutes antisocial behavior in kids, allow most of it to slip by without discipline, fail to recognize or accept the fact that their kids are in trouble. |
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Term
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Definition
| parents’ awareness of kids’ friends, free time activities, and physical whereabouts when outside the home, amount of monitoring is affected by lots of stuff (money problems, death, etc). Monitoring is esp. important from age 9 to midadolescence, and lax monitoring is a strong predictor of antisocial behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| include prenatal and life experiences affecting both twins the same way, ie twins raised by biological parents with a common hereditary and home environment. Shared environments promote high trait or behavioural similarity between the twins, esp. identical. |
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Term
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Definition
| include living experiences that are different for each twin, such as living in different home environments. Shared and nonshared must be considered when doing twin studies. Nonshared and genetic influences increase with age, and shared decreases in importance. |
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Term
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Definition
| key in twin research, the genetic term for the degree to which related pairs of subjects both show the same behavior or condition. Uusally in percentages (if 10/20 have the same trait, then 50% concordance). Eysenck – concordance = 4x more common in identical as fraternals, thus implying that genetic influences are the most important determiner of criminal behavior. |
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Term
| age/genetic influences on aggression |
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Definition
| evidence shows that parental influences on aggressive behavior decreases with age, and genetics play an increasingly important role in the stability of aggression and antisocial behavior over the lifespan. Effect is really strong in males, female aggressive behavior is more strongly affected by the family environment. Genetics is especially important in early-onset delinquency, and less adolescent-limited development of antisocial behavior. |
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Term
| what is temperament, and three things that define ie: |
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Definition
natural mood disposition determined largely by genetics and biological influences. Defined by three things –
1) Have a biological basis
2) Appear in infancy and continue throughout life – activity and emotionality are two of the biggest indicators
3) Be influenced by the environment – temperament of parents, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| brain structure and function are affected by experience, called plasticity – early experiences are crucial in shaping the cultivation and pruning of neural synapses that underlie the functional capacities of the developing brain. 1st 3 years are really important; sensory stimuli are good for the brain, but early deprivation can be modified later in life. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sheldon classified body types and said that he could delineate 3 body builds – endomorphic (fat and soft), ectomorphic (thin and fragile), and mesomorphic (muscular and hard). Not harsh distinctions, but claimed that personality was linked to these body types, and said that delinquents were usually mesomorphic (sometimes endo). Not well shown in follow ups, very black box theory. |
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Term
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Definition
| attractive kids and adults are treated more positively by others, may show more positive behaviours, and so unattractive people might be more criminal. Facial unattractiveness – peer rejection – more likely to be made a delinquent by the courts (more negatively evaluated). Physical improvements in jail lead to less crime after 1 year – improved self-image and likelihood of acceptance by others? |
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Term
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Definition
| burglars reinterpret past events and recast activities consistent with what should have been and not what was. Self-report may seem like there was a lot of planning involved, but actually it was opportunistic and they added that later. |
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Term
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Definition
| burglars reinterpret past events and recast activities consistent with what should have been and not what was. Self-report may seem like there was a lot of planning involved, but actually it was opportunistic and they added that later. |
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Term
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Definition
| taking stuff, but doesn’t involve unlawful entry. Includes pickpocketing, stealing from vending machines or stuff left outdoors, etc. Can break into a car, still called larceny. |
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Term
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Definition
| when an individual or a group take another person’s personal identifiers, such as name, social security number, DOB, etc. and use it to take over bank accounts, get credit cards, sign mortgages and rents, make large purchases, etc. Usually people have no idea it’s happening until they get a car from loan agents saying they owe a lot of money. Increase is very dramatic, due to increase in new internet and phone technology. |
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Term
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Definition
| Boosters = commercial shoplifters, and snitchers are amateurs. Boosters are pros, accepted by members of the criminal subculture, steal for serious financial gain from preselected places, and often have good materials to steal with. Snitches are respectable people that rarely have criminal records, don’t consider selves thieves, didn’t think they’d be arrested. |
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Term
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Definition
| the irresistible impulse to steal unneeded objects, hard to substantiate clinically. Apparently feels a release of tension when committing the theft, but shoplifters have low recidivism rates, which doesn’t support this as a disorder. Suggested it’s a psych label to ease the guilt of rich women (most nonsensical shoplifters are women). If it does exist, it’s really rare. |
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Term
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Definition
| any criminal offense committed by a corporation, covers offenses from price fixing to failure to recall a product. Very varied—can be financial or violent (if no recall, etc). Environmental crime, fraud, crime against civil liberties, against public administration, etc. Many deaths and injuries happen from unsafe production or unsafe products. Public attention is usually on the economic crime. |
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Term
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Definition
| the array of illegal acts committed by nonsalaried workers against their employers, thefts of machinery, tools, or paper, eg. |
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Term
| occupational crime (def. and types (4)) |
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Definition
all the behaviours previously assumed under white callar crime, blue collar crime, and their variants. Occupational crime is any act that is illegal and is committed when opportunity is created in a legal occupation. Green’s has four catagories:
1) Organizational – illegal behavior prompted by the corporation or agency
2) Professional – illegal behavior committed because your profession offers the opportunity for crime
3) State-authority – illegal behavior by those in government
4) Individual – illegal behavior by an individual working for a company or organization but committed for his or her own personal advancement or financial gain. |
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Term
| justifications for employee theft (normative support and size of org.) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| taking anything of value from the care or control of a person by force or violence or by putting the victim in fear. |
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Term
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Definition
| without a weapon, more likely to result in injury to the victim than with a weapon. People are more likely to try to resist, and the offender is less confident, powerful, and in control, so more likely to also act out of fear. |
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Term
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Definition
| crime is a bank, much higher clearance rate for criminals, usually bank robbers are criminals who haven’t done anything in the past, aren’t very well-planned out. |
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Term
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Definition
| such as convenience stores, rather than homes. Most robberies are in places in public (fast food ,gas stations ,etc), cameras and silent alarms don’t seem to really help, nor does having two people working, usually robbery is on the night shift and the brunt of the anger is on the manager. |
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Term
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Definition
| greatest proportion, occurs on streets and highways, not a lot of researcher, car jacking, etc. Street robbers are perpetually in need of money to buy drugs, weapons, etc, and so they are alert opportunists. |
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Term
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Definition
| any illegal actthat involves a type of computer system. Usually unauthorized access to data, making viruses, stealing communications, copyright laws, and stuff with porn. Illegal gambling on the internet is also common. |
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Term
| cyberstalking and cyberbullying |
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Definition
Cyberstalking – able to send repeated threatening messages easily, anonymous, so stalkers are at an advantage, and never have to be physically present.
Cyberbullying – sending or posting harmful or cruel texts or images using the internet, big problem for kids around the world. |
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Term
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Definition
| repeated and unwanted physical or visual proximity that is nonconsensual or threats sufficient enough to cause fear. What is defined as stalking varies from state to state, but had its roots in DV. Most motives of stalkers is to frighten their victims, usually the stalker is male and the victim is female, most women know their stalker, and very few women actually pressed charges. (when TPOs were made, usually violated). Stalkers rarely cause physical injury. |
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Term
| simple obcession stalking |
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Definition
| extensions of previous patterns of DV and other abuse, usually seeking power after a relationship has ended. |
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Term
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Definition
| people are casual acquaintances or total strangers, and the stalker has low self-esteem and wants to be with that person. Usually want otbe in love with victim, against their wishes. |
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Term
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Definition
| is delusion, usually plagued by disorders. Typically people believe something that isn’t true, usually nonviolent. |
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Term
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Definition
| only want a particular response from victim, such as changing behavior, and do it until they feel they have been compensated. |
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Term
| instrumental hostage taking |
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Definition
| offender’s goal is material gain |
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Term
| expressive hostage taking |
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Definition
| goal is psychological, offender wants to become significant and take control over events in their own life and fate. Want to be important. |
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Term
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Definition
| individual has barricaded self in a building, threatens violence to self and others. Person needs to be denied the excitement and stimulation they want, so the situation needs to be handled calmly. Hard to accomplish because lots of media. Offender is more likely to be mindless and kill someone if under duress or excitement. Offenders want to feel in control of the situation, and time is a strong ally, aspeople calm down. |
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Term
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Definition
| attraction between victim and captor, sometimes victim sides with them, usually because they’ve been brainwashed over a long time and close contact with a kind captor. |
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Term
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Definition
| survivors return to a meaningful existence with strong self-esteem, led healthy and productive lives, little evidence of long term depression, nightmares, etc.succumbers didn’t live through it, or upon release they have considerable difficulty dealing with the stress from the ordeal. |
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Term
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Definition
| don’t get into arguments with captors, mask hostile feelings to keep them calm. In London, a guy refused to stop proclaiming his beliefs and be quiet while he was a hostage, and he was killed. |
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Term
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Definition
| setting fires without or with an intend to defraud, a house, building, car, or another person’s property. |
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Term
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Definition
Revenge, spite, or jealousy – jilted lovers, neighbors, disenchanted employees, etc.
Vandalism or malicious mischief – wanting to challenge authority or be less bored
Crime concealment or diversionary tactic – trying to get rid of evidence from a crime, try to
destroy records, etc.
Profit, insurance fraud –professional or semipros, need to not be detected, incidence is probably pretty high because profit is small.
Intimidation, extortion, terrorism, sabotage—frightening or deterring (ie: by those on strike against bosses, etc.)
Pyromania – a disorder with an irresistible urge to set fires along with a passionate fascination for them. Usually a build up of tension before the fire and an intense pleasure during it. Believed to be uncontrollable, but a small percentage of all arsonists. |
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