two or more people having at least one of the following-

direct interactions over a period of time

joint membership in a social category based on sex, race, etc.

shared common fate, identity, set of goals

ABCs affected by way we see people in a group or individually

beliefs that associate a whole group of people with certain traits- cognitions 

ex. grad students are nerdy

negative feelings about others because of their connections to a social group- affect

ex. i feel queasy around grad students

negative behaviors directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group- behavior

ex. I actively avoid and ridicule grad students

classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes

ingroups + outgroups form

ingroup- judge favorably, ingroup bias

outgroup- see as all alike, outgroup homogeneity effect, due to not much contact

fundamental attribution error revisted

if a person is discriminated against and underperforms, they fail to take into  account the situation, see it as evidence supporting negative stereotyping

if expectations are violated (unexpected success), more likely to consider situational factors- luck

self-fulfilling prophecy

subliminally primed w/ stereotype, see someones behavior in a negative light

stereotypes can influence your judgement even if you are egalitarian

we become highly aware of stereotypes through sociocultural mechanisms- parents, media, etc.

engage in behavior we do not consciouly endorse

amount of exposure to the stereotype/accessibility

cultural factors

perceiver's motivational goals- one is more likely to engage in stereotyping when protecting his or her image

diallo shot 41 times, all he had was a wallet, cops thought it was a gun

shoot a person if they have a gun, black+white men, shooter bias happens when person is unarmed

sabotage, aggressive behavior insues with competition

peace is restored when goals are the same

competition-simplest intergroup competition theory

hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources

can be more imagined than real

loser-->resentful/frustrated

winner--> threatened/protective

perceptions of threat are enough to trigger prejudice

ingroup favoritism

judging members of your ingroup more favorably than members of outgroups

favorable judgement of ingroup member=higher self esteem

hostile= negative, resentful feelings about women's abilities, values, and the ability to challenge men's power

benevolent= affectionate, chivalrous, but potentially patronizing feelings of women needing and deserving protection

subtle form of prejudice that surfaces in direct ways whenever its safe, socially acceptable, or easy to rationalize

based on racial ambivalence

quick at pressing positive for white faces, slow or mess up with black faces

when a person is afraid they will confirm the stereotype in another's eyes, that they will be reduced to a stereotype

hamper:

increasing anxiety, triggering distracting thoughts

can cause individuals to dismiss the domain as irrelevant to their self esteem and identity

equal status= contact should occur in circumstances that give the two groups equal status

personal interaction= contact should involve one-on-one interactions among individual members of the two groups

cooperative activities= members of two groups should join together to acheive superordinate goals

social norms= should favor intergroup contact

positive high, negative low = positive attitude

positive high, negative high= ambivalence

positive low, negative low= indifference

positive low, negative low= negative attitude

implicit= unaware, IAT- measures speed w/ which one responds to a pairing of concepts

attitudes and behaviors are weakly correlated

relevancy, does it directly affect one's own outcomes and self interests?

is it related to philosophical, politcal, religious values?

is it of concern to one's family, friends, ingroups?

is the person informed?

has the attitude been attacked?

person thinks carefully about a message, reaction influenced by strength+ quality of message

must learn contents, be motivated to accept it, retain

requires elaboration

people are persuaded more when the argument affects them directly, when it doesn't, they scrutinize

person does not think critically about contents of message, low ability+motivation

heuristics- mental shortcuts--> if communicator (source) has good reputation and writes well- message must be correct

used mostly when issue does not affect you

more persuasive if seen as credible (competent and trustworthy)

no self-interest

likability- similiarity and attractiveness

peripheral-the longer the message, more valid it must be

central- weak+redundent arguments hurt the message

needs to alleviate fear, be reassuring

positive messages are effective when reciever is in a good mood

peripheral= positive state is cognitively distracting, assume all is well and become lazy processors of information

three factors in persuasion: the audience

high need for cognition- use central route

individualistic= appeal to individual/personal benefits

collectivist= appeal to group benefits

when an audience is forewarned theyre being persuaded, less likely to become persuaded, form counterarguments

holding inconsistent cognitions arouses psychological tension that people become motivated to reduce- people like beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors to be consistent