Shared Flashcard Set

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psych 335
quiz2
60
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
11/12/2008

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
what do males contribute to the embryo?
Definition
DNA
Term
what do females contrribute to the embryo
Definition
dna and nutrition
Term
when are monogamy and polyandry favored
Definition
when males provide parental care
Term
what does female distribution determine
Definition
the costs and benefits of different male strategies
Term
what do females usually follow
Definition
resources
Term
what mating system does a high food density favor?
Definition
polygyny
Term
what mating system does medium food density favor?
Definition
monogamy
Term
what mating system does low food density favor?
Definition
polyandry
Term
what are the 4 types of polygyny
Definition
female defense, resource defense, scramble competition, lek
Term
what are 3 characteristics of scramble competition polygyny?
Definition
no defended territory, females scattered, no defensible resources
Term
where is the lek usually the best?
Definition
at the center
Term
what can females do in a lek?
Definition
rapidly compare and choose among many males
Term
what kind of lek is most normal
Definition
a clustered lek
Term
what are 3 theories for clustering in lek polygyny
Definition
hotspot, hotshot, female preference
Term
what are 4 causes of monogamy?
Definition
mate assistance, mate guarding, female-enforcement, mutual interest
Term
many groups appear to be monogamous, but what does paternity testing prove is going on
Definition
extra pair copulations, genetic polyandry
Term
what are the 3 benefits to polyandry for females?
Definition
fertility, good genes, material
Term
what is a consequence of polyandry?
Definition
sperm competition
Term
what are the material benefits to polyandry?
Definition
more resources, better protection, infanticide protection
Term
what are 4 costs to polyandry?
Definition
time, energy, losing parental care, stds
Term
what mating system is common to birds
Definition
monogamy
Term
when do birds lay their eggs, and why
Definition
early in development (bc of the demands of flight)
Term
how can female birds increase their fitness?
Definition
by devoting more energy to egg production and less energy to parental care
Term
what heightens the difference in costs of reproduction between the sexes in mammals?
Definition
the obligation for females to be involved in parental care
Term
who is the more valuble sex in mammals
Definition
females
Term
who has more control over mating when it comes to mammals
Definition
females
Term
what are female counter strategies to infanticide
Definition
mating with multiple males and deceptive cycles(mate with new male even though not fertile)
Term
what happens to group size with clumped resources
Definition
decreases
Term
what happens to group size with dispersed resources
Definition
increases
Term
what happens to group size when there is a lot of predation?
Definition
it increases
Term
what happens to group size when there is little predation
Definition
it decreases
Term
who is infanticide usually committed by
Definition
a recent immigrant
Term
what are 2 examples of mating system determining social behavior
Definition
polyandry and mate guarding; monogamy and paternal care
Term
lay more eggs _____ result in more offspring
Definition
does not
Term
what 2 things is it not possible to increase at the same time with resources availability
Definition
number and survival probability of offspring
Term
what is K
Definition
carrying capacity, where populations level off
Term
what is key in K selected species?
Definition
survival of offspring
Term
what is key in r selected species
Definition
reproductive rate
Term
what does the reproductive success depend on for females? and for males?
Definition
females- percent of offspring raised to maturity, males- number of females fertilized
Term
what does it mean when there is a skew of 1? and of zero?
Definition
1= one animal does all the reproducing, zero= all animals reproduce equally
Term
which sex is the level of skew usually higher in?
Definition
males
Term
when is cooperative parenting common?
Definition
when offspring require a lot of care
Term
what does high adult mortality rate mean for birds?
Definition
higher parental investment
Term
what predators for high mortality birds respond most strongly to? and low mortality?
Definition
high mortality= nest predators, low mortality= adult predators
Term
where is male care most common and why?
Definition
in fish, because females choose males that provide care
Term
what is in involved in offspring recognition
Definition
vocal, olfactory and sometimes visual
Term
how does deception occur?
Definition
mimic host species to increase the likelihood that they will provide care to your young
Term
when is caring for another's young beneficial?
Definition
dilution effect, cooperative breeding
Term
what is a form of parent offspring conflict?
Definition
siblicide
Term
what are signals that stimulate feeding behavior often linked to?
Definition
offspring health
Term
what can be exploited by brood parasites?
Definition
the fact ath birds usually invest the most in the healthiest young- the brood is often bigger and has a stronger releasing stimulus
Term
what is intrasexual selection?
Definition
competition for mates
Term
what is intersexual selection
Definition
mate choice
Term
who usually competes in sexual selection?
Definition
the more common sex
Term
what determines the intensity of sexual selection?
Definition
reproductive skew
Term
when do displays escalate into fight?
Definition
only among closely matched rivals
Term
what is an indirect competition for mates
Definition
competing for territory
Term
what is a direct competition for mates
Definition
competing for access to females
Term
what are 2 alternative mating strategies and what are they a result of
Definition
conditional(common)- result of environmental conditions; distinct(rare)- result of genes
Term
when is mate guarding favored?
Definition
when unguarded females will mate again, last male to mate fathers more offspring, males have little chance of finding another mate
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