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PSYCH 311 - Test 1
blech
76
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
09/17/2011

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Term
Development
Definition
Systematic changes and continuities over time.
Term
Developmental psychology
Definition
The study of changes in organization of behavior throughout the lifespan; what changes(the causes) and how the change is effected(processes)
Term
Development is both _____ and _____
Definition
regular and idiosyncratic
Term
Why do we know more about what than how?
Definition
Easier to observe.
Term
Periods of child development:
Prenatal period, Infancy, Early childhood, Middle and late childhood
Definition
Conception to birth (40 wks/ 9 months); Birth to 2 years; 2-6 yrs (preschool years); 6 to 11 yrs (elementary years)
Term
Basic issues of child development: (3)
Definition
Nature vs. Nurture; Continuity vs. Discontinuity; Stability vs. Change
Term
Nature (philosophers)
Definition
Idealists or Rationalists - Plato, Descartes;
G. Stanley Hall - Milestones were dictated by inborn developmental plan, identify norms
Term
Nurture (philosophers)
Definition
Empiricists - John Locke-tabula rasa;
John Watson - behaviorism, Little Albert
Term
Continuity
Definition
Quantitative change ex. height, age
Term
Discontinuity
Definition
Stages of development, qualitative change ex. change in nature, quality, form; caterpillar changing to butterfly
Term
Stability
Definition
Early experiences; a psychological quality can be traced back to its origin; Sigmund Freud
Term
Change
Definition
Later experiences; Development continues throughout the lifespan; later experiences can override early experiences
Term
Aslin's Model of Environmental Influence
Definition
5 models of possible gene-environment interaction
Term
Psychoanalytic theory (creator)
Definition
Sigmund Freud
Term
Psychoanalytic theory (def.)
Definition
Psychic energy of the six instinct (libido) - fuels human behavior; basic biological urges; personality is shaped by early experiences (first 5 years of life); Fixed amount of psychic energy
Term
Id
Definition
Instinctual nature of humans; gratify basic biological impulses, centered around self
ex. I'm hungry, give me food, crying.
Term
Ego
Definition
Rational and objective; can wait for gratification & figure out a rational way to get gratification
ex. Ask mom for food.
Term
Superego
Definition
Internalized moral standards; feel guilty or ashamed when we violate society's rules
Term
Psychosexual stages (5)
Definition
Freudian stages(discontinuous);
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
Term
Psychosocial stages
Definition
Erikson; change possible, cover the whole life span;
discontinuous
Term
Learning theories (3)
Definition
Classical conditioning, Operant conditioning, Social cognitive theory(social learning theory)
Term
Classical conditioning (3 kinds)
Definition
Behaviorism-conclusions should be based on observable behavior
Tabula Rasa - environmental view; blank slate
Classical conditioning - Ivan Pavlov
Term
Classical conditioning (def.)
Definition
Ivan Pavlov; bell & dog; UCS, UCR, CS, CR
Term
Operant conditioning
Definition
B.F. Skinner; Positive/negative reinforcement, positive/negative punishment
Term
Social cognitive(learning) theory
Definition
Bandura; emphasis- observational learning; BoBo doll studies
Term
Cognitive developmental theory (3)
Definition
Piaget, Vygotsky, Information processing approach
Term
Piaget's cognitive developmental theory
Definition
4 stages; child takes an active role; constructivism- understanding based on experience; interactionist-interaction b/t nature & nurture
Term
Vygotsky's cognitive developmental theory
Definition
Cognitive development is a social process; emphasized role of language (ex. eskimo may have lots of words for snow while we only have one, same for hawaiian and multiple words for waves); scaffolding, zone of proximal development
Term
Cognitive Developmental theory: Information Processing Theory
Definition
Uses computer models to explain learning; input-output; Identified both age-related and individual differences in information processing.
Term
Ecological system
Definition
Brofenbrenner; 5 environmental systems; Micro, Meso, Exo, Macro, Chrono
Term
Gametes
Definition
Sperm and egg
Term
Gametes are produced by _____
Definition
meiosis, in which each has only 23 chromosomes
Term
Where does fertilization occur?
Definition
fallopian tube; 10 hr. journey for sperm
Term
Zygote
Definition
When sperm and ovum(egg) unite in fertilization
Term
Genes
Definition
segments of DNA located along the chromosomes
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
Store and transmit genetic information.
Term
Autosomes
Definition
the 22 pairs of 'not sex' chromosomes
Term
Sex chromosomes
Definition
23rd pair, X and Y chromosomes
Term
Genotype
Definition
genetic blueprint
Term
Phenotype
Definition
Observable characteristics
Term
Homozygous
Definition
When the two sets of instruction(two alleles) are the same at any given locus
Term
Heterozygous
Definition
When the two alleles are different at any given locus.
Term
Dominant (def. & ex.)
Definition
always express their characteristics; ex. hair color
Term
Recessive
Definition
Comes in pairs to express their characteristics
Term
Polygenic (def. & ex.)
Definition
Many genes blend together to increase the genetic outcomes seen in the phenotype.
ex. skin color, eye color, height
Term
Multifactorial
Definition
Expression of traits that are influenced by both genes and environment.
ex. Height
Term
The most common form of inherited mental retardation?
Definition
Fragile-X syndrome; sex-linked disorder
Term
Trisomy 21
Definition
Down syndrome; 3 chromosomes for 21st 'pair'
Term
XXY
Definition
Klinefelter's syndrome
Term
XO
Definition
Turner's syndrome
Term
XXX
Definition
Super Female
Term
XYY
Definition
Super Male
Term
Most common prenatal screening?
Definition
Ultrasonography & Maternal blood sampling
Term
Caused by recessive or dominant genes?
PKU
Sickle cell anemia
Tay-Sachs disease
Definition
Recessive
diet, Caucasian
W. Africans & African Americans
Jewish, mental retardation & blindness, die by age 3
Term
Caused by recessive or dominant genes?
Huntington's disease
Schizophrenia
Migraine headaches
Extra fingers
Definition
adult onset, deterioration in the brain, affects motor and psychological functioning

These may not show symptoms until later in life and that's why they have survived and not died out.
Term
Sex linked disorders: (3)
Definition
Red-green colorblindness, hemophilia, Fragile-X syndrome
Term
The one-celled zygote multiplies and forms a _________
Definition
blastocyst
Term
Blastocyst
Definition
Hollow sphere with inner cell mass on one side
Term
Embryo
Definition
prenatal organ from 2 to 8 weeks after conception; the period when the groundwork for all body structures and internal organs is laid down
Term
Amnion
Definition
encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid
Term
Chorion
Definition
Surrounds amniotic sac; grows into placenta & umbilical cord
Term
Placenta
Definition
filter
Term
Umbilical cord
Definition
Connects mother & baby's circulatory systems(blood)
Term
Germinal stage
Definition
Conception to two weeks; Implantation
Term
Embryonic stage
Definition
3rd to 8th week; Organogenesis
Term
Fetal stage
Definition
9th week-birth; Rapid growth
Term
Age of viability?
Definition
22-26 weeks
Term
Most prevalent infectious cause of congenital mental retardation and deafness?
Definition
CMV - Cytomegalovirus
Term
Teratogens: (effects)
Rubella
HIV
Syphilis
Genital herpes
Gonorrhea
CMV
Smoking
Drinking
Cocaine, Marijuana, & Heroin
Definition
R - heart defects, deafness, cataracts, schizophrenia
H - passed to fetus
S - brain, ear, eye.....
Gh - death, genital sores
G - blindness
C - congenital mental retardation and deafness
S - low birth weight, learning problems, ADHD
D - Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
cmh - low birth weight, addicted
Term
Labor stages (3)
Definition
Stage 1: dilation & effacement
Stage 2: birth of baby
Stage 3: delivery of the placenta & umbilical cord
Term
Indication of need of Cesarean Delivery (4)
Definition
Breech presentation, Birth size, Poor progress during labor, Health and age concerns
Term
Birth complications: (3)
Definition
Anoxia, Dislocation of shoulders or hips, Compression of nerves
Term
Anoxia
Definition
Loss of oxygen immediately surrounding birth; cerebral palsy, mental retardation
Term
Baby blues vs. Postpartum depression
Definition
BB- don't last but more than a few days
PD - symptoms last >a month
Term
Apgar scale; used by ?
Definition
physicians
Term
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment; for ?
Definition
Parents; tracks development over 2 weeks
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