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Psych 306 Test 1
n/a
107
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
02/16/2011

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Term
Sexuality
Definition
all of the sexual attitudes, feelings, and behaviors associated with being human; refers to a dimension of one's personality, not sexual drive
Term
Missionary Position
Definition
a face-to-face position of sexual intercourse in which the woman lies on her back and the man lies on top with his legs between hers; named from Christian Missionaries who thought other positions were immoral
Term
Ethnocentric
Definition
the attitude that the behaviors and customs of one's own ethnic group or culture are superior to others
Term
Dualism
Definition
the belief that body and soul are separate and antagonistic
Term
Victorian Era
Definition
the period during the reign of Queen Victoria of England (1819-1901); with regard to sexuality, it was a time of great public prudery (the pleasurable aspects of sex were denied) and many incorrect medical beliefs
Term
Sexual Revolution
Definition
a period in US history, beginning about 1960, of increased sexual permissiveness
Term
Socialization
Definition
the process of internalizing society's beliefs; the manner in which a society shapes individual behaviors and expectations of behaviors
Term
Socializing Agent
Definition
the social influences (e.g. parents, friends, media) that shape behaviors
Term
Identification
Definition
two meanings:
1) the adoption of the sex roles of teh same-sex parent by a child
2) in advertising, to identify or relate to a product
Term
Survey
Definition
a study of people's attitudes, opinions, or behaviors
Term
Population
Definition
the complete set of observations about which a researcher wishes to draw conclusions
Term
Sample
Definition
a subset of a population of subjects
Term
Random Sample
Definition
a sample in which observations are drawn so that all other possible samples of the same size have an equal chance of being selected
Term
Stratified Random Sample
Definition
a sample in which subgroups are randomly selected in teh same proportion as they exist in the population
Term
Volunteer Bias
Definition
a bias in research results that is caused by differences between people who agree to participate and others who refuse
Term
Correlation
Definition
a mathematical measure of the degree of relationship between two variables
Term
Direct observation
Definition
observing and recording the activity of subjects as they conduct their activities
Term
Case Study
Definition
an in-depth study of an individual
Term
Observer Bias
Definition
the prejudicing of observations and conclusions by the observer's own belief system
Term
Experimental Method
Definition
a study in which an investigator attempts to establish a cause-and-effect relationship by manipulating a variable of interest (the independent variable) while keeping all other factors the same
Term
Sigmund Freud
Definition
-Libido
-made many incorrect beliefs about sex, including belief that loss of semen was as detrimental to a man's health as was loss of blood
-demonstrated influence of sexuality in human life
Term
Henry Havelock Ellis
Definition
-kept diary to document his death by his "dreaded disease" (from nocturnal emissions)
-devoted remainder of life to sexual research (but remained virgin)
-physician
-thought men and women's orgasms were similar
-thought menstration and homosexuality should be considered normal
Term
Alfred C. Kinsey
Definition
-afraid he would go insane because he masturbated
-major influence in changing 20th-century attitudes about sex
Term
Masters and Johnson
Definition
-physician and behavioral scientist
-directly observed humans during sexual behavior
-developed first methods for treating sexual problems
-opened sexual therapy clinic
Term
Vulva
Definition
the external female genitalia, including the mons veneris, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vaginal opening, and urethral opening
Term
Mons Veneris
Definition
the soft layer of fatty tissue that overlays the pubic bone in women; covered with pubic hair during puberty
Term
Labia Majora
Definition
two elongated folds of skin extending from the mons to the perineum in women; outer surfaces covered with hair
Term
Labia Minora
Definition
two hairless elongated folds of skin located between the labia majora; meet above clitoris to form clitoral hood
Term
Perineum
Definition
hairless bit of skin between anus and vagina (or scrotum)
Term
Clitoral Hood
Definition
part of labia minora that covers the clitoris
Term
Bartholin's Glands
Definition
glands located at teh base of teh labia minora in women that contribute a small amount of an alkaline fluid to their inner surfaces during sexual arousal (make better environment for sperm)
Term
Clitoris
Definition
small, elongated erectile structure in women that develops from the same embryonic tissue as the penis; no function besides sexual arousal
Term
Vestibular Area
Definition
term used to refer to area between two labia minora
Term
Bulbocavernosus Muscle
Definition
ring of sphincter muscles that surrounds the vaginal opening in women or the root of the penis in men
Term
Vestibular Bulbs
Definition
structures surrounding the vaginal opening that fill with blood during sexual arousal, resulting in swelling of the tissues and a narrowing of the vaginal opening
Term
Hymen
Definition
thin membrane that partially covers the vaginal opening in many sexually inexperienced women; not good indicator of virginity
Term
Urethra
Definition
passageway from bladder to exteriro of the body; in men, also passageway for semen
Term
Breasts
Definition
glands that provide milk for infants
Term
Mammary Glands
Definition
Milk-producing glands of the breast
Term
Mammogram
Definition
low-radiation x-rays used to detect breast tumors
Term
Vagina
Definition
sheathlike canal in a woman that extends from the vulva to the cervix and that receives the penis during intercourse
Term
Pubococcygeus Muscle
Definition
(PC muscle) major muscle in the pelvic region; voluntary control over this muscle (to help prevent urinating or enhance physical pleasure) is gained through Kegel exercises
Term
Kegel Exercises
Definition
exercises that are designed to strengthen the PC muscle that surrounds the bladder and vagina
Term
Grafenberg (G) Spot
Definition
small, sensitive area on the front wall of the vagina found in about 10% of women
Term
Uterus
Definition
womb; hollow, muscular organ in women where the fertilized egg normally implants
Term
Endometrium
Definition
inner mucous membrane of the uterus where a fertilized egg implants; thickness varies with phase of mentral cycle
Term
Fallopian Tubes
Definition
passageways that eggs follow on their way to the uterus
Term
Ovary
Definition
female gonad in which ova are produced
Term
Primary Follicle
Definition
an immature ovum enclosed by a single layer of cells
Term
Pap Smear
Definition
a test for cancer of the cervix in women
Term
Penis
Definition
male organ for sexual intercourse and the passageway for sperm and urine
Term
Circumcision
Definition
removal of all or part of the foreskin of the penis; removal of the clitoral hood
Term
Smegma
Definition
cheesy secretion of sebaceous glands that can cause the clitoris to stick to the clitoral hood or the foreskin of teh penis to stick to the glands
Term
Scrotum
Definition
pouch beneath the penis that contains the testicles
Term
Testicles
Definition
male gonads that produce sperm and male hormones
Term
Epididymis
Definition
elongated cordlike structure on teh back of a testicle; it's the first part of the duct system that transports sperm out of a man's body
Term
Vas Deferens
Definition
second part of the duct system that transports sperm out of a man's body
Term
Ejaculatory Ducts
Definition
one-inch-long paired tubes that pass through the prostate gland; third part of the duct system that transports sperm out of a man's body
Term
Urethra
Definition
passageway from the bladder to the exterior of the body; or for semen
Term
Seminal Vesicles
Definition
two structures that contribute many substances to the seminal fluid
Term
Prostate Gland
Definition
gland in men that surrounds the origins of the urethra and neck of the bladder and contributes many substances to the seminal fluid
Term
Cowper's Glands
Definition
two pea-shaped structures located beneath the prostate gland in men that secrete a few drops of an alkaline fluid prior to orgasm
Term
Hormones
Definition
chemical substances that are secreted by ductless glands into the bloodstream; carried by bloodstream to other target organs
Term
Endocrine System
Definition
a network of ductless glands that secrete their chemical substances, called hormones, directly into the bloodstream, where they are carried to other parts of the body
Term
Testosterone
Definition
hormone that is produced by the testicles (and in very small amounts by the ovaries and adrenal glands)
Term
Estrogen
Definition
a hormone that is produced by the ovaries (and in very small amounts by the testicles and adrenal glands)
Term
Progesterone
Definition
a hormone that is produced in large amounts by the ovaries after ovulation; prepares the endometrium of uterus to nourish a fertilized egg
Term
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Definition
a gonadotropin hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates the development of a follicle in a woman's ovary and the production of sperm in a man's testicles
Term
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Definition
a gonadotropin hormone released by the pituitary gland that triggers ovulation in women and stimulates the production of male hormones in men
Term
Prolactin
Definition
hormone released from the pituitary gland that stimulates milk production in breasts
Term
Oxytocin
Definition
pituitary hormone associated with milk release, labor and orgasmic contractions and erotic attraction and tough
Term
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Definition
hormone released by the hypothalamus in the brain that causes the pituitary gland to release the hormones FSH and LH
Term
Inhibin
Definition
Hormone produced by the testicles and ovaries that inhibits release of FSH from the pituitary gland
Term
Menstral Cycle
Definition
monthly cycle of hormonal events in a woman that leads to ovulation and menstruation
Term
Follicle
Definition
sac in the ovary containing an ovum and surrounding follicular cells
Term
Menstruation
Definition
monthly discharge of endometrial tissue, blood, and other secretions from the uterus that occurs when an egg is not fertilized
Term
Ovulation
Definition
expulsion of an egg from one of the ovaries
Term
Corpus Luteum
Definition
follicular cells that remain in teh ovary after the follicle expels the ovum during ovulation; they begin to secrete progesterone in large quantities in the postovulatory stage
Term
Pheromones
Definition
chemical substances secreted externally by animals that convey information to, and produce specific responses in, memebers of the same species
Term
Estrous Cycle
Definition
cycle of hormonal events that occurs in most nonhuman mammals; females are sexually receptive (in heat, estrus) to males during ovulation
Term
Mentral Taboos
Definition
incorrect negative attitudes about menstruating women
Term
Amenorrhea
Definition
absence of menstruation for 6 months or longer
Term
Menarche
Definition
term for a girl's first menstrual period
Term
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
Definition
group of physical and/or emotional changes that many women experience in the last 3 to 14 days before the start of a menstrual period
Term
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)
Definition
severe form of PMS that markedly interferes with social relations, work, or education
Term
Dysmenorrhea
Definition
painful menstruation
Term
Menorrhagia
Definition
heavy vaginal bleeding
Term
Endometriosis
Definition
growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus
Term
Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)
Definition
syndrome with symptoms of high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and dizziness; caused by toxins produced by the Staphylococcus aureus bacterium
Term
Anabolic Steriods
Definition
synthetic steriod hormones that combine the growth (anabolic) effects of adrenal steriods with the masculinizing effects of androgenic steriods
Term
Sexual Response Cycle
Definition
the physiological responses that occur during sexual arousal, which many therapists and researchers have arbitrarily divided into different phases
Term
Desire
Definition
a state that "is experienced as specific sensations which move the individual to seek out, or become receptive to, sexual experiences"
Term
Vasocongestive Response (vasocongestion)
Definition
the engorgement (filling) of tissues with blood
Term
Excitement Phase (men)
Definition
the first phase of the sexual response cycle as proposed by Masters and Johnson; first sign is vasocongestion of the penis, leading to erection
Term
Plateau
Definition
the second phase of the sexual response cycle proposed by Masters and Johnson; physiologically, it represents a high state of arousal
Term
Orgasm
Definition
brief by intense sensations (focused largely in the genitals but really a whole body response) experienced during sexual arousal; during orgasm, rhythmic muscular contractions occur in certain tissues in both the man and woman; the third phase of the sexual response cycle proposed by Masters and Johnson
Term
Ejaculation
Definition
expulsion of semen from the body
Term
Resolution
Definition
fourth and final phase of the sexual response cycle proposed by Masters and Johnson; refers to a return to the unaroused state
Term
Refractory Period
Definition
in men, the period of time after an orgasm in which their physiological responses fall below the plateau level, thus making it impossible for them to have another orgasm (until the responses build back up to plateau)
Term
Desire (women)
Definition
for many women, sexual desire is motivated less by biological urges than it is by relationship and intimacy needs
Term
Excitement (arousal) phase (women)
Definition
arousability has been defined as "the capacity to become sexually aroused in response to situational cues"; for many women, relationship and intimacy needs provide the situational cues
Term
Multiple Orgasms
Definition
having two or more successive orgasms without falling below the plateau level of physiological arousal
Term
Grafenberg (G) Spot
Definition
a small, sensitive area on the front wall of the vagina found in about 10% of all women
Term
Skene's Gland
Definition
glands located in the urethras of some women that are thought to develop from the same embryonic tissue as the man's prostate, and that may be the source of a fluid emitted by some women during orgasm
Term
Aphrodisiacs
Definition
substances that enhance sexual desire or performance
Term
Anaphrodisiacs
Definition
substances that suppress sexual functioning
Term
Sexuality
Definition
all of the sexual attitudes, feelings, and behaviors associated with being human; term does not refer specifically to a person's capacity for erotic response or to sexual acts, but rather to a dimension of one's personality
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