Term
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Definition
(a) sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age
or
(b) the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery.
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Term
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Definition
Sexual Exploitation = used as as commodity/object
Forced Labor Slavery = used for slavery agianst their will |
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Term
| Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking |
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Definition
the commercial sexual exploitation of American youth under 18 through prostitution, pornography, and stripping.
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Term
| Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking is NOT |
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Definition
-Movement required (can be in same local area)
-Have to prove “force/fraud/coercion” (only for minors)
-Adult sex-workers who consent
-Foreign nationals
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Term
| What causes the Demand for young children in America? |
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Definition
-the infantilization of women
-sexualization of youth/innocence
-easier for traffickers to control children and use them longer |
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Term
| Buyer Demand vs. Traffickers Demand |
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Definition
Buyers= children are less likely to have STI's; innocence.
Traffickers = more $ and years of work; more $ off virgins |
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Term
| Culture of Tolerance in Sex Trafficking |
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Definition
| We have created this norm that allows trafficking to continue because we believe it's mostly women's choice and demonize them. |
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Term
| Adolescents are more at risk because... |
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Definition
-Brain/cognitive development (pre-frontal cortex still developing)
-Self-esteem dips
-Peers matter
-Searching for identity
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Term
| How are these victims recruited? |
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Definition
-target adolescent weaknesses like low self esteem
-tell them what they want/need to hear
-"lover boy" technique where pimps pretend to love & care for them
-many come from abusive/neglectful homes
-international victims are promised a better life in a new country; or their parents sell them/marry them off |
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Term
| Grooming & Controlling of Victims |
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Definition
•Earns trust, love, and devotion and appears to care
•Isolate victim from +friends/family; take away forms of identity
•Begin demanding sex acts & punish refusal, hesitation, or complaints
•Physical abuse & Blame victim for the abuse
-Assign shame, humiliation, and guilt that victim feels toward the way people outside of “prostitution life” view them
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Term
| Barriers of Cooperation with Law Enforcement |
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Definition
-no trust; brain washed to hate police
-some police are clients
-fear of being arrested for prostitution
-revere/fear the pimp
-trained to lie to police
-fear of pimp beatings more than prison |
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Term
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Definition
•Focus on women’s sexual desire and excitement
•Women have freedom to express their sexuality
•Same sex sexual behavior is in the context of a normal lesbian relationship
•Focus on desires and functions of women’s bodies
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Term
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Definition
•Focuses on women as objects of desire and excitement
•Women’s sexuality can only be expressed if it fits within the confines of dominant heterosexual, male desires
•Same sex sexual behavior is for excitement of men rather than normal lesbian relationship
•Women’s bodies are controversial if present outside the boundaries of convention
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Term
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Definition
–Self-evaluation
–Evaluation of others
–Sexual behaviors
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Term
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Definition
–Expectations based on gender
•Sexual script is based on…
–Repertoire of acts
–Rules/guidelines for expected sexual behavior
•We learn to express sexuality through scripts
•Heterosexuality is strongly scripted
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Term
| Traditional Hetersexual Scriprts of Women |
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Definition
–Be as sexy as possible, but not too sexual
–Offer token resistance
–Be sexually passive
–Be oriented towards male partner’s pleasure
–Romance is necessary
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Term
| Traditional Heterosexual Scripts of Men |
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Definition
–Be the expert
–Be an active agent/aggressor for sex
–Be heterosexually active
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Term
| Herbenik statistics of sexuality |
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Definition
| More men reported giving their last female sexual partner an orgasm than the women that reported actually having an orgasm. Men be too cocky. |
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Term
| Women's 1st Sexual Encounter |
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Definition
•Gap between real experience and ideal expectations
–Study found that women rated pleasure of their first time a 2.95 on a scale of 1-7
–Women college students report more guilt, less pleasure than men
–Gap between ideal and reality
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Term
| Sexual Statistics of Average Women |
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Definition
–Masturbating less than men
–More conservative in sexual attitudes
–Fewer orgasms during sex
–Prefer sexual activities as part of intimate relationship
–Sexuality as male domain
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Term
| Hogarth & Ingham Female Masturbation Study |
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Definition
•Many women reported feelings reflecting:
–It’s “not right”
–Only “sluts” do that
–Only boys should touch you “there”
–Tried it, didn’t work; felt guilty, dirty, wrong, etc.
–Thought have never crossed her mind
•Some women are regular masturbators; empowered, content, connected with bodies
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Term
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Definition
•Female sexual pleasure and desire often ignored; Sexuality constructed from a heterosexual male perspective
•Some women learn to relate their bodies from an objectified perspective (heterosexual male lens)
•Women and men alike often know little about women’s bodies and sexuality
•“Slut-shaming” stigma attached tosexually secure women& sexually assertive women
•Sex and love become falsely intertwined for some women
-Culture of tolerance of sexual exploitation and violence against women |
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Term
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Definition
| Women earn 77(or 81) cents to each dollar earned by men according to 2009 gov census |
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Term
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Definition
-Men & women make about the same if they are in the same job position & have the same exact job experience (95 cents per dollar more realistic)
-It is illegal for women to be paid less in same position
-Discrepency might come from women taking more time off/longer breaks/leisurely hours |
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Term
| Earnings by Gender and College Major |
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Definition
| On average women earn less than men in their same major (only 77-87% or men's earning on avg) |
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Term
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Definition
when a given occupation employs one group more than the other and is dominated by a particular race or gender.
-higher concentration of women in lower level, lesser paying job
-however occupational segregation doesn't account for all of the wage gap
-more discrepency after 15 yrs into labor force |
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Term
| Gender Differences in Abilities |
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Definition
•No gender differences in IQ scores; •No differences in verbal ability; •No differences in math performance, except that boys begin to outperform in problem solving in high school; •Differences have decreased over time
•Males do better on some aspects of spatial ability -mental rotation (engineering)- Spatial ability is trainable
•Males do better on some aspects of physical ability - Women’s performance improving over time
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Term
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Definition
-9-10% of gap unexplained by hours/type of work = due to less negotiation
-men were 2x more likely to negotiate for more money; even when both sexes aware of negotiation possiblities
-female deficit hypothesis: "women are lacking something" assertiveness
-women were viewed 2x more negatively than men when negotiating (women less likely to negotiate when with male boss) |
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Term
| Why do sex based differences in income and employment type exist? |
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Definition
-occupational segregation
-negotation discrepency
-difference in hours worked
-care taking of dependents |
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Term
| Social Cognitive Career Theory |
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Definition
•Incorporates individual and environmental variables in explaining career development
•May be useful in understanding and intervening with job segregation by gender and other variables
•Builds off of social learning theory: Self efficacy & outcome expectations: ( Interests, Goals, Actions). Some people eliminate possible occupations due to faulty self efficacy beliefs or outcome expectations...The greater the preceived barriers to an occupation, the less likely individuals are to pursue those careers
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Term
| Development of Self efficacy & Outcome Expectations |
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Definition
1.Personal performance/accomplishments (previous success)
2. Modeling (other's success)
3.Social persuasion (told we can/should do it)
4. Physiological States & reactions (internal states) |
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Term
| Personal Inputs & Support/Barriers |
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Definition
Personal Inputs = sex, gender, predispositions, disability/ability, health, personality...(affects learning experiences & self efficacy)
Support/Barriers = discrimination, access to resources, gender roles, etc...(affects self efficacy)
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Term
| Women in the workforce need to... |
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Definition
1. Sit at the table
2. Make your partner a partner
3. Don't (plan to) leave before you leave |
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Term
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Definition
| For every child a mother has, her wage goes down 5% |
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Term
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Definition
Married men get paid more than married women (especially fathers)
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Term
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Definition
| Like racism, implies a system which maintains a hierarchical system of power, privilege, and oppression. |
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Term
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Definition
| Antagnostic views towards women/negative emotion toward women. 3 sources = dominant paternalism (need to control women), competitive gender differentiation, hostile heterosexuaity (sex as resource). |
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Term
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Definition
| positive stereotypes about women; a chivalrous attitude toward women that feels favorable but is actually sexist because it casts women as weak creatures in need of men's protection. |
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