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Details Title: PSYCH 260 MIDTERM 1 Description: PSCYH 260 Total Flash Cards: 178 Created: 09/02/2004 09:42:58	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term Who is known for the proclamation of the Decade of the Brain? What decade was noted as such? Definition President George HW Bush. 1990-1999 Term The discipline of physiological psychology focuses on… Definition the brain-behavior process. Term Who is known for the proclamation of the Decade of the Behavior? What decade was noted as such? Definition President Bill Clinton. 2000-2010 Term What is significant about designating a decade? Definition Designating a decade means increased federal support and funding for the specific designation. Term What disciplines does the field of physiological psychology blend together? Definition - Nero psychology - Nero anatomy - Psychology - Biochemistry - Bioengineering - Physics Term Research term: generalization Definition Using a conclusion to determe how it can be applied in other circumstances. Term Research term: reduction Definition The basic and most elementary explanation for a phenomenon. Term Saying that someone is depressed due to a decrease in serotonin, or a decrease of norepinephrine, or due to a situation is an example of what research term? Definition Reduction Term True or False: Egyptians were the first to think highly of the human brain? Definition False. It was common to dispose of the brain before a person was mummified. Term Who is credited with categorizing living organisms as having a vegetative mind, a perceptual mind, and a rational mind? Definition Aristotle Term According to Aristotle, what mind is able to grow, repair itself, and reproduce? Definition Vegetative mind. Term According to Aristotle, what kind of a mind is able to detect a difference in stimulations? Definition Perceptual mind. Term According to Aristotle, what kind of a mind is able to think, understand, and evaluate? Definition Rational mind. Term According to Aristotle, what kind of a mind does a plant have? Definition Vegetative mind. Term According to Aristotle, what kind of a mind does an animal have? Definition Perceptual mind. Term According to Aristotle, what kind of a mind does a human have? Definition Rational mind. Term Who is credited with suggesting the mind is like a hydraulic unit, or a "hydraulic model"? Definition Rene Descarte Term Rene Descarte would say that a person's movement could be attributed to what? Definition Animating spirts. Term True or False: Rene Descarte was a monist? Definition False. He was a dualist. Term Would today's physiologists would be considered a dualist or a monist? Definition Monist. Term Who is more likely to hold the belief that the mind and body are separate entities, dualists or monists? Definition Dualists. Term According the Descarte, where did the brain and the body once exist? Definition Pineal gland. Term What term best describes a fundamental action that people are born with, requires no thought to execute, and is initiated from intake of stimulus? Definition Reflexes. Term Who is credited with the discovery of reflexes? Definition Rene Descarte. Term Who first discovered that muscles will contract if exposed to electrical current? Definition Luigi Galvani. Term The work of what scientist can be seen in Mary Shelly's Frankenstien? Definition Luigi Galvani. Term Who is noted for the Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies? Definition Johannes Muller Term If you were hit in the head by a major league fastball, what scientist could best explain why you would see stars? Definition Johannes Muller. He suggested that specific nerves produced specific sensations. Term What is the term used to describe the intentional destruction of the brain? Definition Ablation Term Which scientist would destroy a part of the brain in order to determine what bodiliy fuction would no longer work? Definition Pierre Florens. Term Paul Broca pinpointed the part of the brain that controlls what function? Definition Language. Term According to Broca, in what hemisphere is the language part of the brain? Definition Left. Term Which scientists used electrical stimulation of a dog's brain to determine that simulation on the left side of the brain correlated with a movement of the right side of the body? Definition Fritch and Hitzig Term Simulating one side of the brain to observe movement on the opposite side of the body is known as... Definition Contralateral Term What scientist researched the speed at which neurons travel? Definition Herman von Helmholtz. Term True or false: Von Helmholtz discovered that neurons traveled at the speed of light? Definition False. He discovered that neurons traveled at a rate slower than the speed of light. Term Who is credited with the theory of audition? Definition Von Helmholtz. Term Who is credited with the theory of color vision? Definition Von Helmholtz. Term True or false: Darwin suggested that traits are functionally significant. Definition True. Term How are humans unique from other animals? Definition - Tool making - Communication - The ability to walk upright (bipedal) Term Neoteny Definition The process of maturation, allowing more time for youth. Term What is the general idea of the Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies? Definition Different nevers allow various parts of the brain to preceive different messages (ie: vision, hearing, taste, smell, feel) when stimulated by electricity. Term What are the goals of scientific research? Definition Explain, predict, and control behavior. Term What is the smallest, most basic part of the nervous system? Definition Neuron Term How are neurons classified? Definition Neurons are either anatomical or functional. Term List three types of functional neurons. Definition Sensory,interneuron, motor Term List three types of anatomical neurons. Definition Unipolar, bipolar, multipolar Term What is the function of the sensory neuron? Definition Used to detect sight, taste, touch, sound and odor. Term What is the function of the interneuron? Definition Relay information from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron. Term What is the function of the motor neuron? Definition Causes muscles to contract. Term What is the function of the unipolar neuron? Definition Send messages from parts of the body to the brain which convey information about touch, heat, smell etc. Term What is the function of the bipolar neuron? Definition Act as receptor cells in some of the sense organs such as the eyes or nose. Term What is the function of multipolar neurons? Definition Mainly used in motor processes. Term Name the below neurons: Definition A) unipolar neuron B) bipolar neuron C) multipolar neuron Term What are the primary roles of the brain? Definition 1)movement: behavior 2) interpret: sensory perception Term What is the function of a neuron's dendrites? Definition Receive information Term What is the function of a neuron's soma? Definition Regulates life processes. Term What is the function of a neuron's axon? Definition Sends/conducts impulses and transports substances. Term True or false: The axon can only send information one way? Definition False. The axon can send information from the soma to the terminal bud (anterograde) and from the terminal bud to the soma (retrograde). Term What part of the neuron does the myelin sheath cover? Definition Axon Term What advantage does a myelinated axon have? Definition Faster neuroconduction Term What is the name of the space between a dendrite and a terminal button? Definition Synaptic clef Term What part of the neuron contains neurotransmitter substances? Definition Vesicles Term No question. For Reference Only. Definition No Answer. Term What is the axon hillock? Definition A junction between the soma and the axon. Term The dendrites processes _______ signals, while the axon processes ________ signals. Definition chemical, electrical Term Signals that run from the soma to the terminal bud is called... Definition anterograde movement. Term Substances that run from the terminal bud to the soma is called... Definition retrograde movement. Term True or False: Impulses can transfer when channels are open? Definition True. Impulses do not transfer when channels are closed. Term How many milliseconds does it take for the brain to react during the withdraw reflex? Definition Zero. The withdraw reflex does not require any thinking. Signals are processed through the spinal cord. Term How can new pathways be developed in the brain? Definition By doing the same thing in different ways. Term What is the general path of the withdraw reflex? Definition Sensory-----> interneuron-----> motor neuron------> muscle Term Where is the withdraw reflex be inhibited? Definition Between the motor neuron and the muscle. Term Name the three supporting cells. Definition Microglia, Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes Term What cells help in repairing damaged neurons in the CNS? Definition astroglia Term What astrocyte helps in the repair of neurons? Definition Phagocytes Term How does the astrocyte know where the injury is? Definition A chemical is released signaling the astrocytes to the location. Term What is the function of the oligodendroglia cells? Definition Produce myelin for neurons in the CNS. Term What is the function of the Schwann cells? Definition Produce myelin for neurons in the PNS. Term What cells produce myelin in the CNS? Definition oligodendroglia cells Term What cells produce myelin in the PNS? Definition Schwann cells Term The ________ cells myelinate several cells at a time while the ___________ cells myelinate one cell at a time. Definition oligodendroglia, Schwann Term What is the function of the microglia cells? Definition First responders to injury. (Within 20-30 minutes). Term What cells are considered to be the first responders to an injury? Definition microglia Term Myein is ___% lipid and ____% protein Definition 80, 20 Term What cells aid in the clean up and reinnervation of neurons in the PNS? Definition microglia Term Other than organic sources, where do the gangliosides that are used in spinal cord repair come from? Definition cows Term What is the function of the blood brain barrier? Definition To prevent toxins in the blood stream from entering the brain and to prevent toxins in the brain from entering the blood stream. Term What is the function of the area postrema? Definition To induce a vomiting response so as to rid the body of toxins. Term Would a lipid soluble or a water soluble compound be more likely to reach the brain? Definition Lipid soluble. Term Where would channels be found on a neuron? Definition On the axon in between the nodes of Ranvier. Term What is the electrical charge of a neuron at rest Definition -70 mv Term What is a negative charge called? Definition anions Term What is the term used to describe the movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration? Definition diffusion Term What is the goal of diffusion? Definition equalibrium Term What is the term used to describe the moving of a force through a membrane to achieve equilibrium? Definition osmosis Term The inside of the axon hold a _____ charge while the outside holds a ____ charge. Definition negative, positive Term What is the term used to achieve equalibrium based on electrical charge? Definition electrostatic pressure Term What are the chemicals on the inside of a neuron? Definition proteins (A-), potasium (K+) Term What are the chemicals in the outside of a neuron? Definition Sodium (Na+), Chloride (Cl-) Term What is the function of the proteins (A-) in the neuron? Definition Keeps the potassium (K+) in side the neuron. Term Why does the protein stay inside the neuron? Definition It's too big to pass through the channels. Term Why does K+ stay inside the neuron? Definition 1) force of diffusion 2) force of electrostatic pressure Term Why does chloride stay outside of the neuron? Definition 1) force of diffusion 2) force of electrostatic pressure Term How does sodium Na+ enter into the neuron? Definition Through the Na+/K+ pump. Term What is the power source of the Na+/K+ pump? Definition ATP Term What is the job of the axon hillock? Definition Releases a signal when the neuron's threshold has been reached. Term What is the job of the axon hillock? Definition Determines when the threshold has been reached. Term What is the job of the axon hillock? Definition Determines when the threshold has been reached. Term What is the first channel to open once the charge has been released from the axon hillock? Definition sodium channel Term What is the term used to describe the increase of positive ions inside the neuron? Definition depolarization Term What is the term used to describe the increase of positive ions inside the neuron? Definition depolarization Term What is the charge of an ion when it becomes depolarized? Definition +50 mv Term What is the charge of the neuron when the potassium channels open? Definition -80 mv Term What is the term used to describe the increase of negative ions inside the neuron after the potassium leaves the neuron? Definition Hyper polarization Term True or False. If the signal that is released from the axon hillock is not strong enough, the signal will die out and the neuron will not fire. Definition False. The neuron has an all or nothing firing mechanism. As long as the signal meets the minimum strength, it will fire. Term What is the most important determinant when determining the minimum threshold of a neuron? Definition Sodium ions. Term What is the charge of a neuron when it is rid of sodium ions and potasium ions have returned? Definition -70 mv Term What is the name of the scientists that determined sodium and potassium were critical in a neuron's functioning? Definition Hodgkin-Huxley, Hodgkin-Huxley Term True or false. If a charge is strong enough, a neuron can synapse during the absolute refractory period. Definition False. No other action potential can occur at this time. Term True or false. If a charge is strong enough, a neuron can synapse during the relative refractory period. Definition True. Term Where is the absolute refractory period on this graph? Definition At the top of the curve in the dark green section. Term Where is the relative refractory period on this graph? Definition At the bottom of the curve in the yellow section. Term What are the benefits of saltatory conduction? Definition Faster conduction and more energy efficient. Term How does a signal travel in a neuron that is myelinated? Definition It jumps from node to node. Term What are the characteristics of passive cable properties? Definition decremental conduction, no energy required Term True or False. The release of neurotransmitter is dependent on Chloride (Cl-) migration. Definition False. It is dependent on calcium (Ca++) migration. Term When speaking of receptors, a _______ response is indirect and slow while a _________ response is direct and fast acting. Definition metabatrobic, ionotrophic Term What receptor response is depends on a second messenger? Definition Metabatrobic Term What is the name of the second messenger in the metabatrobic response? Definition cAMP Term Because it is slower, the metabatrobic response can do what to the response? Definition Change it. Term What are two ways to get rid of excess neurotransmitter in a synapse? Definition Reuptake and enzymic Term What does SSRI stand for? Definition selective seritonin reuptake inhibitor. Term What would prevent the reuptake of a seritonin receptor? Definition selective seritonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) Term In regards to a the response of a neurotransmitter, an ________ is likely to be passed on while an ________ is not likely to be passed on. Definition EPSP, IPSP Term What is the acronym EPSP? Definition excititory synoptic potential depolarization Term What is the acronym IPSP? Definition inhibitory synoptic potential depolarization Term What molecules enter the neuron during EPSP? Definition sodium (Na+) Term What molecules leave the neuron during IPSP? Definition potassium Term Name two types of neural intergration. Definition temporal summation and spatial summation Term How does temoral summation operate? Definition The threshold of stimuli is added up in a brief amount of time. Term How does spatial summation operate? Definition The receiving neuron accepts neurtransmitter from more than one neuron. Term What is the Rate Law? Definition The more intense the stimulus, the higher the rate of firing. Term If you were sitting in a dark theater, what type of signal would the neurons in your eye be producing? Definition weak signal Term If you left a dark theater and entered a bright loby, what type of signal would the neurotransmitters in your eye be sending? Definition strong signal Term Route of administration: IP Definition intraperitoneal injection (abdominal) Term Route of administration: IM Definition intermuscular injection (muscle) Term Route of administration: SC Definition subcutaneous injection (under skin) Term Route of administration: oral Definition by mouth Term Route of administration: sublingual Definition mucus membrane (under tounge) Term Route of administration: intrarectal Definition posterior Term Route of administration: inhalation Definition through the nose Term Route of administration: topical Definition on the skin Term Route of administration: intracerebral Definition injection through the cerebral ventricle Term Route of administration: ICV Definition intracerebroventricular delliver antibotics directly to the brain Term What is the best way to measure the effectiveness of a drug? Definition Plot a dose-response curve Term Where would a dose be plotted that is effective, yet not toxic? Definition Between the lines of therapeutic effect and toxicity on the dose response curve. Term Would you have to worry more about over dosing with a drug that has a high therapeutic index or a low therapeutic index? Definition Low therapeutic index Term How is the therapeutic index found? Definition Divide the desired effect by the toxic effect. Term What would the therapeutic index be if the toxic dose was 25 and the effective dose was 5? Definition Five Term The effectiveness of a drug depends on __________ and ______________. Definition different cites of action, the affinity of the drug Term How well a drug attaches to a receptor is know as what? Definition The affinity of the drug. Term Drugs that are most desirable are ones that have high _________ and need to be taken in low ________. Definition affinity, doses Term What is it called when one needs to take more of a drug to achieve the same effect that was gained while taking the drug at a lower level. Definition Tolerance Term What are two effects of associated with tolerance? Definition Sensitization and withdrawal symptoms Term Taking drugs causes your brain to constantly ___________ and _________. Definition change, adjust Term True or False: Since a placebo does not alter a person's chemistry, it is safe to say that it does not have an effect on people. Definition False. The belief that a placebo is working may change a person's physiology. Term The effectiveness of a placebo illustrates... Definition the power of the mind. Term What types of a agents facilitate the action of a neurotransmitter? Definition Agonists Term What types of a agents inhibit the action of a neurotransmitter? Definition antagonists Term What are the four criteria of a neurotransmitter? Definition Produce presynaptic response; released upon stimulation; produce effective post synapse (IPSP/EPSP), has a mechanism of termination Term The drug MDMA is better known as... Definition extacy. Term Visual impairments, distortion, thermo change, problems in learning and manual dexterity, depression and anxiety are effects associated with what drug? Definition MDMA (extacy) Term What group is most likely to use the drug extacy? Definition High school seniors. Term A neuron's category as either excitatory or inhibitory is based on... Definition the actions on target organs. Term Enzymes normally end in what suffix? Definition "ase" Term Why would LSD be able to penetrate the blood brain barrier? Definition It is highly lipid. Term What generally happens when a person's dopamine (DA) level drops to 20%? Definition Parkinson's disease.