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PSYCH 260 - Ch9 Definitions
Group Process: Influence in Social Groups
22
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
10/26/2008

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Term
Group
Definition
Two or more people who interact and are interdependent in the sense that their needs and goals cause them to influence each other.
Term
Social Roles
Definition
Shared expectations in a group and how particular people are supposed to behave
Term
Group Cohesiveness
Definition
Qualities of a group that bind members together and promote liking between members
Term
Social Facilitation
Definition
The tendency for people to do better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance can be evaluated
Term
Social Loafing
Definition
The tendency for people to do worse on simple tasks but better on complex tasks when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance cannot be evaluated
Term
Deindividuation
Definition
The loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people can't be identified (such as when they are in a crowd), leading to an increase in impulsiveness and deviant acts
Term
Process Loss
Definition
Any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving.
Term
Transactive Memory
Definition
The combined memory of two people that is more efficient than the memory of either individual
Term
Groupthink
Definition
A kind of thinking in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner
Term
Group Polarization
Definition
The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of its members
Term
Great Person Theory
Definition
The idea that certain key personality traits make a person a good leader, regardless of the situation.
Term
Transactional Leaders
Definition
Leaders who set clear, short-term goals and reward people who meet them
Term
Transformational Leaders
Definition
Leaders who inspire followers to focus on common, long-term goals
Term
Contingency Theory of Leadership
Definition
The idea that leadership effectiveness depends both on how task-oriented or relationship-oriented the leader is and on the amount of control and influence the leader has over the group
Term
Task-Oriented Leader
Definition
A leader who is concerned more with getting the job done than with workers' feelings and relationships
Term
Relationship-Oriented Leader
Definition
A leader who is concerned primarily with workers' feelings and relationships
Term
Social Dilemma
Definition
A conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, have harmful effects on everyone
Term
Tit-for-Tat strategy
Definition
A means of encouraging cooperation by first acting cooperatively but then always responding the way your opponent did (cooperatively or competitively) on the previous trial
Term
Public Goods Dilemma
Definition
A social dilemma in which individuals must contribute to a common pool in order to maintain the public good.
Term
Commons Dilemma
Definition
A social dilemma in which everyone takes from a common pool of goods that will replenish itself if used in moderation but will disappear if overused
Term
Negotiation
Definition
A form of communication between opposing sides in a conflict in which offers and counteroffers are made and a solution occurs only when both parties agree.
Term
Integrative Solution
Definition
A solution to a conflict whereby the parties make trade-offs on issues according to their different interests; each side concedes the most on issue that are unimportant to it but important to the other side
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