Term
|
Definition
| moment to moment awareness of ourselves and our environment |
|
|
Term
freudian 3 level of consciousness
conscious mind |
|
Definition
| containsthoughts and perceptions of which we are aware |
|
|
Term
freudian 3 level of consciousness
preconscious mind |
|
Definition
| mental events that are outside current awareness; can easily be recalled |
|
|
Term
freudian 3 level consciousness
unconscious |
|
Definition
| events cannot be brought into conscious awareness under ordinary circumstances |
|
|
Term
controlled processing (Counscious)
cognitive viewpoint |
|
Definition
¤conscious use of attention and effort
nSlower, but more flexible |
|
|
Term
| automatic processing (unconscious) |
|
Definition
¤can be performed without conscious awareness or effort
nFast, routine actions
nDivided attention: ability to attend to and perform more than one activity at the same time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
¤Controls body temperature, hormones, and other body functions
¤Regulated by the brain’s Suprachiasmatic Nuclei (SCN)
nLinks to the pineal gland
nSecretes melatonin
nSCN neurons are active during the daytime and inactive at night
|
|
|
Term
| circadian rhythme disruptions |
|
Definition
Jet Lag- insomia, decreased alertness- adjust 1 hour naturally-adjust faster when flying west
nigh shift work- offsets biological clock- fatigued, stress, and accident proned
early bird or night owl |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
¨light sleep from which you can be easily awakened
¤Brain wave pattern becomes more irregular
¤Presence of slower theta waves increase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
¨deeper level of sleep characterized by sleep spindles
¤Breathing and heart rate slow
¤More difficult to be awakened |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slow and large delta waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
¨deepest level of sleep
¤Dominated by delta waves
¤Stages 3 and 4 are referred to as slow-wave sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| closed eyes, relaxed and drowsy,brain waves slow down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
¨rapid eye movements, high arousal, and frequent dreaming
¤REM sleep paralysis: an inability to move muscles
¤Paradoxical sleep: the body is highly aroused, yet there is very little movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
¨chronic difficulty in falling asleep, staying asleep, or experiencing restful sleep
¤Most common sleep disorder
¤Multiple causes- depression, medical conditions, jet lag, stress, drugs
¤Stimulus control: insomnia treatment that involves conditioning your body to associate stimuli in your sleep environment only with sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
¨extreme daytime sleepiness and sudden, uncontrollable sleep attacks
¤Cataplexy: a sudden loss of muscle tone often triggered by excitement and other strong emotions
¤Genetic predisposition
¤No cure - managed through medication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
¨a drug that increases the activity of a neurotransmitter
¤Enhances a neuron’s ability to synthesize, store, or release neurotransmitters
¤Binds with and stimulate postsynaptic receptor sites
¤Makes deactivation more difficult
¨Examples
¤Opiates relieve pain by activating the receptor sites that receive endorphins
¤Amphetamines cause neurons to release greater amounts of dopamine and norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
¨a drug that inhibits or decreases the action of a neurotransmitter
¤Reduces a neuron’s ability to synthesize, store, or release neurotransmitters
¤Prevents neurotransmitters from binding with the postsynaptic neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
¨decreasing responsiveness to a drug over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
¨reactions opposite to that of the drug; increases tolerance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurrence of compensatory responses after discontinued drug use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
¨substance use that causes a person significant distress or substantially impairs that person’s life
¤Physiological dependence
¤Psychological dependence |
|
|
Term
| Tolerance, compensatory, withdrawal, and dependence |
|
Definition
| all effect/ result with a compenasory response |
|
|
Term
| Depressants and the brain |
|
Definition
¨decrease nervous system activity
¤Reduce feelings of tension and anxiety
¤Produce a state of relaxed euphoria
¤Can slow down vital life processes to the point of death |
|
|
Term
| depressants and the brain |
|
Definition
Alcohol, Barbiturates
• Decrease nervous system activity.
§Effects
•Reduces anxiety
•Impulsiveness
•Dramatic mood swings
•Bizarre thoughts
•Suicidal behavior
•Slurred speech
Disorientation |
|
|
Term
| dissociation cognitive theory of hypnosis |
|
Definition
¨view hypnosis as an altered state involving a division of consciousness
¤One stream of consciousness responds to the hypnotist’s suggestions
¤Another stream remains in the background but is aware of everything that is happening |
|
|
Term
| social cognitive theory of hypnosis |
|
Definition
¨hypnotic experiences result from expectations of people who are motivated to take on the role of being hypnotized
¤Does not imply that people are “faking”; they are immersing themselves in a role |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
la decrease in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus
adaptive function- touch a snail gill retract after multipule times they dont- dont respond to uneventful stimuli save energy
study behavior also |
|
|
Term
| pavlov's classical conditioning |
|
Definition
la process in which an organism learns to associate two stimuli
¡One stimulus elicits a response that originally was elicited only by the other stimulus
¡Process was discovered by Ivan Pavlov while studying the salivation response in dogs |
|
|
Term
| Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
|
Definition
elicits an innate response (the UCR) without prior learning
|
|
|
Term
| unconditioned response (UCR) |
|
Definition
an innate response that is elicited by a stimulus (the UCS) without prior learning
salivation of the dog |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a stimulus that, through association with a UCS, comes to elicit a conditioned response similar to the original UCR
tone- ringing of bell |
|
|
Term
| conditioned response (CR) |
|
Definition
a response elicited by a conditioned stimulus
salivates to a tone- (learned) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials
take food away from dog, stops salivating. give food again it salivates again |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the CS is presented repeatedly in the absence of the UCS, causing the CR to weaken and eventually disappear
tone without food, dogs stopped salivating to tone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lstimuli similar to the initial CS elicit a CR
¡Example: salivation may be elicited by a bell or a piano tone
dog salivates to medium ptich will salivate to a new lightly different pitch noise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
la CR occurs in the presence of one stimulus but not others
¡Example: salivation may not be elicited by a whistle
mom bit by large dog- said no dogs- get one as dissimilar as the one that bit her. |
|
|
Term
| higher-order conditioning |
|
Definition
loccurs when a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS
¡Produces a CR that is weaker and extinguishes more rapidly than the original CR
dog tone food pairinng- strong salivation. black square showed o saliva. black square before tone but no food- square toning- saliva |
|
|
Term
Thorndike’s Law of Effect: |
|
Definition
¡Instrumental learning: the process by which animals utilize trial and error to achieve a desired outcome
¡A response followed by a satisfying consequence will be more likely to occur
¡A response followed by an annoying consequence will become less likely to occur
cat finding its way out of the box |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
la special chamber used to study operant conditioning
¡Box contains a lever on one wall
¡A food pellet is released when the lever is pressed
lDiscriminative stimulus: a signal that a particular response will now produce certain consequences
¡Example: a light in the Skinner Box may indicate whether or not food will be dispensed when the lever is pressed
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lbehavior is influenced by the consequences that follow it |
|
|
Term
lDistinguishing operant from classical conditioning: |
|
Definition
¡Classical: Behavior changes are due to the association of two stimuli (CS-UCS) presented prior to the response (CR)
lFocuses on elicited behaviors
¡Operant: Behavior changes as the result of the consequences that follow it (reinforcement or punishment)
lFocuses on emitted behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A response leads to an event that increases the likelihood of that response occurring again.
rat gets food when presses the lever- continues to press the lever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
¡A response leads to the removal of an event that increases the likelihood of that response occurring again.
¡Negative reinforcer: the aversive stimulus that is removed or avoided
taking aspirin to relieve headache
consequence (removal, reduction) strengthens behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an operant response occurs to a new antecedent stimulus or situation that is similar to the original one
owner teach dog to sit- when sit when other tell it too |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an operant response will occur to one antecedent stimulus but not to another
Stimulus control:
a behavior that is influenced by discriminative stimuli
raid cookie jar only when parents arent in kitchen- parents presence adsence-discriminative stimuli
cop car changes most peoples driving |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lreinforcing successive approximations toward a final response
sami doesnt talk and is very quiet. yake baby steps to get him to talk a bit louder, a bi louder, louder. then start sentences and after time he talks normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
develops a sequence of responses by reinforcing each response with the opportunity to perform the next response
often begins withfinal response and works backward
rat bumps into bell, turns on light. rat runs to push lever.
learns to ring bell cuz light will turn on |
|
|
Term
schedules of reinforcement
continuous reinforcement |
|
Definition
levery response of a particular type is reinforced
¡Example: a rat receives food every time a lever is pressed |
|
|
Term
| partial (intermittent) reinforcement |
|
Definition
lonly a portion of the responses of a particular type are reinforced
¡Example: a slot machine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lContinuous reinforcement produces more rapid learning than partial reinforcement
¡The association between a behavior and its consequences is easier to understand
lContinuously reinforced responses extinguish more rapidly than partially reinforced responses
¡The shift to no reinforcement is sudden and easier to understand |
|
|
Term
| operant conditioning in workplace and education |
|
Definition
¡Teaching machines (Skinner) and computer-assisted instruction
lImmediate performance feedback
lSelf-paced learning
¡Token economies: desirable behaviors are quickly reinforced with tokens that are later turned in for other reinforcers
animal training- Assist people with
disabilities
¡Police / Military training
¡Entertainment industry
|
|
|
Term
| operant principles and problem solving |
|
Definition
¡Applied behavior analysis: combines a behavioral approach with the scientific method to solve individual and societal problems
lDesigns and implements a program of change
lCollects data on the program’s effectiveness |
|
|
Term
| banduras experiment- observational learning |
|
Definition
loccurs by observing the behavior of a model
¡Modeling: humans’ capacity to learn by observation |
|
|
Term
| banduras experiment- social cognitive theory |
|
Definition
people learn by observing the behavior of models and acquiring the belief that they can produce behaviors to influence the events in their lives
experiment with bobo doll- kids watched model punch, kick, hit doll- 3 groups- no consequence, rewarded with praise, and reprimanded for agression.
kids who saw punishment - fewer aggressive acts than other 2 groups
children learned models behavior |
|
|
