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Definition
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Term
| central goals of psychology |
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Definition
nDescription: how people behave, think, and feel
nExplanation: understand why people act as they do
nControl: designing research to test their proposed explanations
nApplication: apply knowledge in ways that enhance human welfare |
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Definition
nBasic Research: knowledge for its own sake
nHow and why people behave, think, and feel the way they do
nApplied Research: solves specific, practical problems
nDesign, implement, and assess information |
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Term
early school of thought
structuralism |
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Definition
nStructuralism: analysis of mind in terms of basic elements
nIntrospection-looking within to study sensations
nWilhelm Wundt: first experimental psychology laboratory (Germany, 1879). Titchner USA |
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early school of thought
Functionalism |
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Definition
nfunctions of consciousness rather than its elements
nFocused on “how” and “why”
nWilliam James
nModern-day fields: cognitive and evolutionary psychology |
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Term
| psychodynamic perspective |
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Definition
nCauses of behavior are internal and unconscious decisions
nFree association: expression of any thoughts that come to mind |
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Definition
ninternal and unconscious psychological forces
nSigmund Freud
nDefense Mechanisms: psychological techniques that help us cope with anxiety and pain
Repression: primary defense mechanism |
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| Modern Psychodynamic theory |
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Definition
nDownplays importance of sexual and aggressive motives
nFocuses on how unconscious & conscious processes affect behavior
nEarly relationships with caregivers |
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Term
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Definition
- the external environment governs our actions
- behavior is jointed with habits learned from previous life experiences
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orgins
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tabula rosa- john locke- human nature shaped by environment
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Ivan Palvov- classical conditioning- when event are associated with each other
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thorndike- law of effects- learn by consequences of actions
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Term
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Definition
nlearning experiences and the environment influence our thoughts
nOur thoughts influence how we behave
influential today |
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Term
humanistic perspective
(Humanism) |
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Definition
nFree will, Personal growth, Meaning of one’s existence
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rejects psychodynamic concepts
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Maslows self actualization-reaching ones individual potential
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meaning of existence-each persons choice
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Term
| Cognitive perspective (CP) |
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Definition
nThe nature of the mind
n How mental processes influence behavior
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Term
3 levels of Analysis
Biological |
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Definition
- behaviors and their causes
nBrain functioning and hormones
nGenetic factors shaped by evolution
nhow brain processes and other bodily functions regulate behavior
nBehavioral Neuroscience: physiological functions that underlie behavior, sensory experiences, emotions, and thoughts
nNeurotransmitters: chemicals that allow nerve cells to communicate with one another
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Term
3 levels of Analysis
Psychological |
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Definition
nThinking, memory, and attention
nDesires, values, expectations, personality characteristics
nConscious and unconscious influences |
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Term
3 levels of Analysis
environmental |
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Definition
nphysical and social environments
nStimuli in immediate physical and social environment
nPrevious life experiences
nCultural norms and socialization processes |
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Term
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Definition
nhow humans and other animals behave in natural settings |
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Term
Descriptive Research
case studies |
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Definition
nin-depth analysis of an individual, group, or event
nAdvantages:
nIn-depth, detailed information
nNew ideas or challenge existing theories
nLimitations:
nCannot determine cause-effect relationships
nDifficult to generalize findings
Lack of objectivity in gathering and interpreting data |
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Term
Descriptive research
naturalistic observations |
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Definition
nresearcher observes behavior in a natural setting, and avoids influencing that behavior
nHabituation: the presence of an observer is ignored over time
nAdvantages:
nBehavior can be observed in natural settings
nLimitations:
Cannot establish a causal relationship |
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Term
Descriptive research
survey research |
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Definition
nObtained through questionnaires or interviews
nAdvantages:
nCan collect large amounts of information quickly and inexpensively
nCan ask about a limitless variety of attitudes and behaviors
nLimitations:
nUnrepresentative samples can produce distorted results
nCannot indicate causation
Self-reports can be biased |
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Term
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Definition
responds in a socially acceptable way instead of ones true feelings
questionairres and anominously reponding reduces it |
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Term
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Definition
defines a variable in terms of the specific procedures used to produce or measure it
translate abstract concepts into something observable and measurable |
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Term
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Definition
every member of the population has an equal probability of being chosen to participate
obtain representative-characteristics of the population
problems: distorted results |
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Term
| stratified random sampling |
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Definition
nthe population is divided into subgroups; participants are chosen to correspond with population percentages |
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Term
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Definition
nResearcher measures one variable (X)
nResearcher measures a second variable (Y)
nResearcher determines whether (X) and (Y) are related
nCorrelation does not establish causation
nX can cause Y
nY can cause X
nBoth variables can influence each other (bidirectionality)
nA third variable can influence both X and Y (spurious)
Benefits:
nCan establish generalization outside the laboratory
nCan generate ideas for further laboratory study
nAllows the examination of variables that may not be practical or ethical to study in the laboratory
Allows researchers to make predictions |
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Term
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Definition
nthe factor that is manipulated or controlled by the experimenter |
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Term
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Definition
nthe factor that is measured by the experimenter
nMay be influenced by the independent variable |
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Definition
| receives a treatment or an active level of the IV |
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Definition
| the group that is not exposed to the treatment or receives a zero-level of the IV |
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Term
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Definition
an experiment supports clear causal conclusions
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Term
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Definition
two variables are interconnected; we cannot determine which one has influenced a dependent variable
decreases internal validity cause: having important flaws-cant be sure what caused differences in the dependent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that has no pharmacological effect |
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Term
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Definition
npeople receiving a treatment show a change in behavior because of their expectations of treatment |
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Term
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Definition
n: the results of a study can be generalized to other populations, settings, and conditions
nReplication: repeating a study to duplicate the original findings
nCross-cultural replication: examining whether findings generalize across different cultures |
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Term
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Definition
nResearcher manipulates (controls) one or more variables
nResearcher measures whether this manipulation influences other variables
nResearcher attempts to control extraneous factors that might influence the outcome of the experiment |
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Term
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Definition
nIdentify a question of interest
nGather information and form a hypothesis
nTest hypothesis by conducting research
nAnalyze data, draw tentative conclusions, and report findings
nBuild a body of knowledge
nTheory: explains how and why certain events are related to one another |
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Term
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Definition
nBeneficence
nResponsibility
nIntegrity
nJustice
nRespect |
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Term
| experimenter expectancy effects |
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Definition
nresearchers can influence participants to respond in a manner that is consistent with the researcher’s hypothesis
nDouble-Blind Procedure
nMinimizes both placebo effects and experimenter expectancy effects |
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