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Definition
| (brain and spinal cord) the retina is also considered a part of the |
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| Peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
PNS (cranial and spinal nerves) (how you feel things)
Brain is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid. |
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Definition
| three-layered sets of membrane that cushion your spinal cord and brain so they don’t bump against the skull or spine. |
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Definition
| (heartbeat, breathing) controls functions of the glands and internal organs. Divided into 2 systems |
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Definition
| (flight or fight) portion of the autonomic nervous system. Causes increased heart muscle contractions, sweating and released glucose from the liver. All responses to quick action. |
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Definition
| (rest and digest. Relaxes the systems in your body) Parasympathetic also plays a role in calming the body down after a “fight or flight” response is released by the sympathetic nervous system. activates functions that occur during a relaxed state |
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Definition
| (balance and motor control) “control movement” |
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Definition
| (this covers entire brain and this is what evolved most recently. This controls many of your mental processes: e.g., planning, inhibition, attention, perception, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| brain cells that transmit information Neurons are mostly like other cells in the body with two major specializations |
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Definition
| (they can produce and transmit voltage changes) |
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Term
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Definition
| non-neuronal cells that form myelin and provide support and protection for the brain’s neurons. Also maintains homeostasis (Regulates body temperature, etc.) Much more common than neurons. cells of the central nervous system that provide support for neurons and supply them with some essential chemicals. |
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Definition
| receive information/messages from other neurons |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
carries message away from soma (transfers the message) (sends the info)
Axons act as output (gives it) away part and dendrites and soma act as input (receive it) parts |
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Term
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Definition
| gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons’ terminals |
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Term
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Definition
| insulates axons (myelin will allow the neuron to pass information and the glia helps with this. Glia are very important!) |
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Term
| Electrochemical communication |
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Definition
| Neurons are excitable cells. They have voltage across their cell membranes.This voltage can change rapidly (at the millisecond scale) Such changes can be rapidly transmitted across the length of the neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| atoms with a charge (missing an electron or possessing an extra electron) |
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Term
| Semi-permeable membrane/channels |
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Definition
allows some things to pass through
Concentration gradient
Electrical gradient
Movement of ions causes electrical voltage
Ions will always go from higher to lower gradient.
• Sodium and potassium!
• Equilibrium potential
The voltage required to make the concentration and electrical gradients equal for a given ion |
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Term
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Definition
| causes the release of a neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
For k+ electrical force pulls in, concentration gradient pushes out
For Na+ electrical force pulls in, concentration gradient pulls in |
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Term
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Definition
At rest, the ions cannot cross the membrane because of CLOSED CHANNELS
The channel gates are VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT. They will open only at a certain voltage |
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Term
| The excitable axon: the action potential |
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Definition
| Once the sodium enters the cells, there is a particular threshold that doesn’t allow the cell to reverse the effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| the membrane of the axon is charged while at rest (-70 millivolts) meaning that in the inside has more negative charged ions (Cl-) as compared to the outside (channel closed) |
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