Father of Behaviorism

classical conditioning: pairing one stimuli with another to condition a response

example from class: Office Clip (Dwight: computer shutdown noise....altoid?... hand out)

• Gave little albert fuzzy items → Albert liked them
• Made loud noise → scared Albert
• Made loud noise while giving Albert rat → scared Albert
• Little rat without noise (any any other fuzzy thing) → scared Albert

Operant Conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Stimulus (antecedent) → Response (behavior) → Reinforcement; Punishment (consequence)

social cognitivist- observational learning

bobo doll experiment

• modeling behavior (following the example of the adult’s actions against the bobo doll)

Shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired behavior

dynamic memory-

structural memory-

consolidation-

a.            dynamic memory:  memories that depend on continued neural activity

b.            structural memory:  memories that have become habitual and no longer require current neural activity

c.            consolidation = convert info into structural

transfer appropriate processing

when retrieval process is the same as the encoding process-

think about the example with the piano. If you memorize a song on the piano it will be easier to recall on that same piano than on a keyboard that has different sound.

a.            state-dependent retrieval:  best retrieval if in the same psychological state as when encoded (ex. tired, drunk, disoriented)

b.            mood-congruent memory:  similar to state-dependent, though depends more on mood or attitude than on the physical/psychological state (ex. stressed, sad, or excited)

semantic memory

episodic memory:

                    flashbulb memory:

memory of words, concepts, general facts

            episodic:  memory of events associated with a particular time, place, and/or circumstance. flashbulb is an example

 flashbulb:  often tied to an emotional event, a very specific memory that can be recalled in great detail- Stronger experiences make better memories, flashbulb memory- we remember Sept. 11, 2001 but we don’t remember what we were doing a month later.

stronger more emotional experiences are more reliable and better remembered

a.            explicit:  memories of facts, and experiences that can be recalled and “declared”

b.            implicit:  “automatic” memories; things that can be performed

Retroactive interference:

New information learned makes it difficult to recall something learned earlier. i.e.a second stone tossed in a pond disrupts the waves rippling out from the first stone tossed in

Proactive interference

Something already learned makes if difficult to learn something new. i.e. if you buy a new combination lock, the memory of the old combination may interfere with you remembering the new combination

Source Amnesia

    Amnesia:

Childhood amnesia:

when you can recall certain information, but not where or how it was obtained.  

    Amnesia: the loss of memory (usually forget explicit memories, but will remember implicit)

Childhood amnesia:

the inability to remember events from one’s own childhood.

Lacunar amnesia

Anterograde amnesia:

Retrograde amnesia:

Lacunar amnesia: the loss of memory about one specific event.

Anterograde amnesia: the loss of long-term memory or the loss of the ability to form new memories through memorization.

Retrograde amnesia: the loss of pre-existing memories to conscious recollection, beyond an ordinary degree of forgetfulness.

iconic memory

echoic memory

iconic memory: a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. Memory fades as new images superimpose over the old ones.

echoic memory: a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3-4 seconds. Ex: you aren’t paying attention and friend asks what did I just say? you can remember the last 3-4 seconds of what they said.

serial position effect

our tendancy to recall best the last and first items in a list.  We showed this concept in class when professor told us 13 words and most of the class remembered the first 3 and the very last word on the list.

watson

o   If it was, why then do we have trouble putting thoughts into words?

o   Words are ambiguous; thoughts are not ( you know what you mean)

o   Animals think without losing language as we understand language

mental images aspects:

• spatial extent
• limited size
• grain

• Spatial extent: mental representation has a certain size and therefore a certain amount to think about.  Example is scanning room and Marriott center with eyes closed
• Limited size: bigger objects must be seen form further away to find within your image example is toy truck and semi truck
• Grain: people require more time to “see” properties of objects that are visualized at small sizes than those visualized at large sizes example is bunny and grasshopper

 Typicality

prototype

Basic level

 Typicality: degree to which an entity represents category.  ex: flight birds are typical for bird category

o   Prototype: most typical member of a category

o   Basic level: level of specificity most likely to be applied to an object
*Basic level: bird ---tree---rocks

o   More specific: robin—oak---river rocks

Belief Perseverance

Confirmation Bias

Belief perseverance: Even when contradictory information is presented. we still believe our ideas are right.

Confirmation Bias: (a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence). 

mental set

fixation

Functional fixedness

Mental Set: our tendency to approach a problem with the mind-set of what has worked for us previously.

Fixation: (the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, we stick to our same mental set).

ex: "solve without using a calculator" we will now pay attention to only the numbers though the question asks for a name

Functional fixedness: our tendency to think of only the familiar functions for objects, without imagining alternative uses.

Deductive reasoning: reasoning from general to specific

All dogs have lungs. This is a dog. Therefore, it has lungs

Inductive reasoning: reasoning from specific to general

This is a dog. It has lungs. Therefore, all dogs have lungs. 

(can be problematic-this is a swan. It is black. Therefore, all swans are black

Representativeness Heuristic

Availability Heuristic

• Representativeness Heuristic: we come to a decision based on how well we think it fits within a certain category (ex. someone is short, slim, and reads poetry. We are more likely to assume they are a professor of poetry at a university than a truck driver)
• Availability Heuristic: we base our judgments on how mentally available information is (if information is easy to recall- recent, important, vivid memory, etc.)  (ex. we fear flying because we play in our heads a tape of 9/11. We think kiss because we read a section from stardust)

IQ = MA/CA x 100 (mental age/chronological age) (not used anymore because it made people look like they got dumber as they got older

• Binet: helped come up with an intelligence test to test students with difficulty learnin. Said you need more than just one score to know how smart someone is.

Weschsler

• subscales; different tests for different ages

Cattell and Horn

2 general types of intelligence

• Fluid intelligence: ability to reason without relying heavily on previously learned knowlede or procedures
• similar to “creative intelligence” in sternberg’s theory
• Crystallized intelligence: relies on using previously learned information and procedures in reasoning

triarchic theory or Intelligence

*analytical - reason. academic.

*creative- ability to adapt. novel

*practical - applied intelligence

Spearman

“g” and “s”. He proposed that there is a general intelligence factor (g) but there are a specific intelligence factors as well (s)

reliable (consistent)

valid (accurate)

standardized (use normal curve to evaluate data)