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psych 111
exam 3
73
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
12/07/2008

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Term
Id
Definition
is the part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; it is the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives, ignores consequences and logistics. Libido drive to gratify basic biological needs
Term
ego
Definition
the component of personality, developed through contact with the external world, that enables us to deal with life’s practical demands. The referee between the id and the world.
Term
superego
Definition
the mental system that reflects the internalization of culture rules, mainly learned as parents exercise their authority.
Term
Oral
Definition
The first psychosexual stage, in which experience centers on the pleasures and frustrations associated with the mouth, sucking, and being fed.
Term
anal
Definition
The second psychosexual stage, which is dominated by the pleasures and frustrations associated with the anus, retention and expulsions of feces and urine, and toilet training.
Term
phallic
Definition
The third psychosexual stage, during which experience is dominated by the pleasure, conflict, and frustration associated with the phallic-genital region as well as powerful incestuous feelings of love, hate, jealousy, and conflict.
Term
Oedipal conflict
Definition
A developmental experience in which a child’s conflicting feelings toward the opposite-sex parent is (usually) resolved by identifying with the same-sex parent
Term
Latency
Definition
The fourth psychosexual stage, in which the primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills.
Term
genital
Definition
Is the time for the coming together of the mature adult personality with a capacity to love, work, and relate to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner.
Term
displacement
Definition
DM that involves shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to a neutral or less threatening alternative.
Term
projection
Definition
DM that involves attributing one’s own threatening feelings, motives, or impulses to another person or group.
Term
sublimation
Definition
DM that involves channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities.
Term
reaction formation
Definition
DM that involves unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with an exaggerated version of their opposite.
Term
MMPI
Definition
“Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory”, a well-researched, clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems.
Term
Rogers' unconditional positive regard
Definition
An attitude of nonjudgmental acceptance toward another person.
Term
openness
Definition
(+) imaginative, variety, independent
Term
conscientiousness
Definition
(+) organized, careful, self-disciplined
Term
extraversion
Definition
(+) social, fun loving, affectionate
Term
agreeableness
Definition
(+) softhearted, trusting, helpful
Term
neuroticism
Definition
(+) worried, insecure, self-pitying
Term
Person-situation controversy
Definition
focuses on the question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situational factors.
Term
locus of control
Definition
a person‘s tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment.
Term
self concept
Definition
A person’s explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviors, traits, and other personal characteristics
Term
self-serving bias
Definition
Shows that people tend to take credit for their successes but down-play responsibility for their failures.
Term
narcissism
Definition
a grandiose view of the self combined with a tendency to seek admiration from exploit others
Term
diathesis-stress model
Definition
a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress.
Term
generalized anxiety disorder
Definition
GAD, chronic excessive worry is accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance.
Term
Panic disorder
Definition
A disorder characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror.
Term
phobic disorder
Definition
disorders characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations.
Term
specifc phobic disorder
Definition
A disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function.
Term
social phobic disorder
Definition
A disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed.
Term
Dissociative disorders
Definition
a condition in which normal cognitive processes are severely disjointed and fragmented, creating significant disruptions in memory, awareness, or personality that can vary in length from a matter of minutes to many years.
Term
Amnesia
Definition
Dissociative amnesia is the sudden loss of memory for significant personal information.
Term
Fugue states
Definition
Dissociative fugue is the sudden loss of memory for one’s personal history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and the assumption of a new identity.
Term
major depression
Definition
a disorder characterized by a severely depressed mood that lasts 2 weeks or more and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbances.
Term
dysthymia
Definition
a disorder that involves the same symptoms as in depression only less severe, but the symptoms last longer, persisting for at least 2 years. Double depression a moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression.
Term
helplessness theory
Definition
the idea that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal (their own fault), stable (unlikely to change), and global (widespread).
Term
Dopamine
Definition
dopamine hypothesis is the idea that schizophrenics involves an excess of dopamine activity
Term
personality disorders
Definition
are disorders characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning.
Term
antisocial personality
Definition
a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood.
Term
transference
Definition
An event that occurs in psychoanalysis when the analyst begins to assume a major significance in the client’s life and the client reacts to the analyst based on unconscious childhood fantasies.
Term
eclectic psychotherapy
Definition
treatment that draws on techniques from different forms of therapy, depending on the client and the problem
Term
Behavior therapy
Definition
A type of therapy that assumes that disordered behavior is learned and that symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviors into more constructive behaviors.
Term
aversive conditioning
Definition
A form of behavior therapy that uses positive punishment to reduce the frequency of an undesirable behavior.
Term
cognitive therapy
Definition
a form of psychotherapy that involves helping a client identify and correct any distorted thinking about self, others, or the world.
Term
Cognitive restructuring
Definition
A therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs.
Term
Person-centered therapy
Definition
An approach to therapy that assumes all individuals have a tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions from the therapist.
Term
Gestalt therapy
Definition
An existentialist approach to treatment with the goal of helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviors, experiences, and feelings and to “own” or take responsibility for them.
Term
transcranial magnetic stimulation
Definition
A treatment that involves placing a powerful pulsed magnet over a person's scalp, which alters neuronal activity in the brain
Term
Placebo effects
Definition
an inert substance or procedure that has been applied with the expectation that a healing response will be produced
Term
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
Definition
a principle stating that people aggress when their goals are thwarted
Term
conformity
Definition
the tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it
Term
Informational: Sherif’s group conformity
Definition
informational influence is a phenomenon whereby a person’s behavior is influenced by another person’s behavior because the latter provides information about what is good or true.
Term
Normative: Asch's group conformity
Definition
normative influence is a phenomenon whereby one person’s behavior is influenced by another person’s behavior because the latter provides information about what is appropriate.
Term
Social loafing
Definition
The tendency for people to expend less effort when in a group than alone
Term
Door in the face technique
Definition
A strategy that uses reciprocating concessions to influence behavior.
Term
Foot-in-door technique
Definition
A strategy that uses a person's desire for consistency to influence that person's behavior
Term
social norms
Definition
Customary standards for behavior that are widely shared by members of a culture.
Term
individualism vs. collectivism
Definition
individualism is a cultural orientation in which personal goals and preferences take priority over group allegiances. Collectivism is a cultural orientation in which cooperation and group harmony take priority over purely personal goals.
Term
IAT
Definition
implicit associates test: measures automatic associations between stimuli, requires fast responses.
Term
realistic conflict theory
Definition
prejudices stem from competition for resources
Term
social identity theory
Definition
discrimination against outgroups enhances self-esteem
Term
deindividuation
Definition
occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values.
Term
Automatic processing
Definition
fast, little effort. Often used when cognitive resources are unavailable. Opposite is controlled processing.
Term
Cognitive bases
Definition
social cognition is the processes by which people come to understand others.
Term
social categorization
Definition
the process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories to which others belong.
Term
somatoform disorder
Definition
The set of psychological disorders in which the person displays physical symptoms not fully explained by a general medical condition
Term
Hypochondriasis
Definition
A psychological disorder in which a person is preoccupied with minor symptoms and develops an exaggerated belief that the symptoms signify a life-threatening illness.
Term
conversion disorder
Definition
A disorder characterized by apparently debilitating physical symptoms that appear to be voluntary - but that the person experiences as involuntary.
Term
psychoanalytic (psychodynamic)
Definition
A general approach to treatment that explores childhood events and encourages individuals to develop insight into their psychological problems.
Term
group polarization
Definition
The tendency for a group's initial learning to get stronger over time
Term
Diffusion of responsibility
Definition
The tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way.
Term
Reciprocity
Definition
norm of reciprocity is the norm that people should benefit those who have benefited them.
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