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PSYCH 110 CH4
Sensation and perception
46
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
09/23/2010

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Term
Psychophysics
Definition
How physical characteristics of stimuli and humans experiences of them relate.
Term
What is the range frequency humans can hear?
Definition
20-20000 khz
Term
What is the visible spectrum for humans?
Definition
350-750 nanometers
Term
Absolute Threshold
Definition
Minimum amount of stimulus energy for observer to detect stimulus 50 percent of the time.
Term
What are three methods to measure absolute threshold?
Definition
Method of Limits (ascending/descending sweetness test)
Method of Constant stimuli (random order)
Signal Detection Theory (pure measure of sensitivity)
Term
Two flaws associated with the method of limits are...
Definition
error of habituation, error of anticipation
Term
Difference Threshold
Definition
minimum change in stimulus needed to produce a just noticeable difference 50 percent of the time
Term
Weber's Law
Definition
Weber's Law states that the ratio of the increment threshold to the background intensity is a constant. So when you are in a noisy environment you must shout to be heard while a whisper works in a quiet room. And when you measure increment thresholds on various intensity backgrounds, the thresholds increase in proportion to the background.
Term
The cornea...
Definition
bulges our and bends light rays. stays the same, does not move.
Term
The lens...
Definition
changes shape to bend light rays
Term
Accomidation
Definition
The process by which divergent light rays are converged (brought to a focal point) on retina.
Term
The retina has ___ layers known as....
Definition
3; ganglion, bipolar, (rods and cones)
Term
The Optic Nerve...
Definition
takes information to occipital lobe
Term
Cones
Definition
most abundant in center. best with color vision and fine details.
Term
Rods
Definition
most abundant in periphary, less in center. best in night vision
Term
Fovea
Definition
Center of retina where image you look at directly falls. Contains ONLY cones.
Term
Photopic Vision
Definition
Cones work best under well lit conditions
Term
Scoptic Vision
Definition
Rods work best under poorly lit conditions
Term
Motion-Specific Detectors
Definition
specialize feature detectors that detect movement in one way, but not others.
Term
Signal-Detection Theory
Definition
the detection of a stimuli involves decision processes as well as sensory ones, which are both influenced by a variety of factors
Term
Subliminal means...
Definition
below threshold
Term
Receptive Field of a Visual Cell
Definition
the retinal area that, when stimulated, affects the firing of that cell.
Term
Lateral Antagonism
Definition
Neural activity in one cell opposes activity in its surrounding cells.
Term
Optic Chiasm
Definition
point at which the optic nerves from the inside half of each eye cross over and then project onto the opposite half of the brain.
Term
Additive color mixing
Subtractive color mixing
Definition
white center
black center
Term
Complementary colors
Definition
pairs that produce gray tones when mixed together.
Term
Perceptual Set
Definition
readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way.
Term
Feature Analysis
Definition
Process of detecting specific elements in visual input and assembling them into a more complex form.
Term
Bottom-up processing
Definition
Individual Elements---->whole picture
Term
subjective contours
Definition
perception of contours where none actually exist
Term
phi phenomenon
Definition
illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession.
Term
Distal & proximal Stimuli
Definition
D- Outside of body
P- stimulus energies that impinge directly on sensory receptors.

(ex. You see a door. It is a rectangle(distal) you it appears to be a trapezoid (proximal), but you know that it is not due to interpretation.
Term
Retinal Disparity
Definition
right and left eyes see slightly different views of an object
Term
Monocular depth cues
Definition
clues about distance based on the image in either eye alone
Term
Binocular Cues (2)
Definition
retinal disparity, and convergence
Term
Monocular Cues (2)
Definition
motion parallax & pictoral depth cues
Term
Motion Parallax
Definition
images of objects at different distances move across the retina at different rates.
Term
SOUND amplitude, wavelength, purity
Definition
a-loudness, w-pitch, p-timbre
Term
basliar membrane
Definition
holds auditory receptors
Term
volley principle
Definition
(sound) groups of auditory nerve fibers fire neural impulses in rap succession, creating volleys of impulses.
Term
Gustatory System
Definition
Sensory System for taste
Term
Explain the Visual System (sense, stimulus, element of s, location or receptors, brain part)
Definition
SIGHT. stimulus=light->wavelength (hue) amplitude (brightness) purity (saturation). located in retina, the receptors are rods and cones. processed in primary visual cortex.
Term
Explain the Auditory system (sense, stimulus, element of s, location or receptors, brain part)
Definition
HEARING. sound waves. amp(loudness)frequency (pitch) purity (timbre) receptors are hair cells lining the basilar membrane in the chochlea. Processed in Primary Auditory complex.
Term
Explain the Gustatory system (sense, stimulus, element of s, location or receptors, brain part)
Definition
stim- chemical substances, water soluble. 4 primary tastes sweet, sour, bitter, salty ((<-elements)) taste cells and taste budds are the receptors. Processed in primary taste cortex (insula)
Term
Explain the Olfactory System (sense, stimulus, element of s, location or receptors, brain part)
Definition
Stimuli are volatile chemical substances that can evaporate and be carried through the air. No proven elements. Receptors are olfactory cilia. Processed in primary olfactory cortex.
Term
Explain the Tactile System (sense, stimulus, element of s, location or receptors, brain part)
Definition
TOUCH. energy felt on skin. e- receptors register pressure, warmth, cold, and pain. Receptors are epidermis, meissner corpucles, merkel receptors, ruffini cylinder, pacinain corpuscle. processed in primary somatosensory cortex.
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