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Psych 1
Fourth Exam
64
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
05/06/2008

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Stress
Definition
physical or psychological reastions to demanding situations
Term
Stressor 
Definition
The demanding or threatening situations that produce stress
Term
General Adaptive Theorem
Definition

Alarm - "fight or flight" response, body energized

Resistance- body adjusts to cope with the threat

Exhaustian - energy depleted; body "gives up" 

 

Term
Stress Issues
Definition

Sequence Issues: is stress highest before, during, or after an event?

 

Measurement Issues: should we look at self-report, behavior, or physiological response? 

Term
Physical Consequences of Prolonged Stress
Definition

Immune Response is lowered

    - measured by white blood cells (lymphocytes)

    - affects likelyhood of getting flu/cold

    - may effect cancer liklyhood (controversal)

 

Cardiovascular System affected

    - increased blood pressure

    - increased cholesterol levels in blood

 

Term
Personality and links to Hear Disease
Definition
Type A - determined to achieve, time urgency, irritable, respond to threat very quickly, impatient with obstacles. 
Type B - calmer and less intense
Type B experience fewer stress- related ailments
Type A is less predictive of of health problems then hostility
Hostility - proneness to anger
Hostility is a major risk factor for heart disease
 
Term
Psychological Consequences of Prolonged Stress
Definition
Post traumatic stress disorder: flashbacks, avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event, and chronic arousal - relatively rare
 
Burnout: physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion created by long-term involvement in an emotionally demanding situation
    -more common in people who approach stressful      jobs with a strong sense of idealism 
Term
The Life Events Model of Stress
Definition
-changes that disrupt everyday life
-daily hassles: traffic, long lines (Hassles Scale messures irritating, daily demands, predicts illness better then the SRRS)
- Chronic exposure to noise increases stress
- crowding increases stress and aggression
Social Readjustment Rating Scale: Holmes and Rahe, ranked the stressfullness of different life events
Limitations: problems with SRRS, life experiance survey is better. life events model ignores mediating variable and cognitive apraisal. 
Term
The Folkman and Lazarus model
Definition
Primary Appraisal: "is it a stressor?"
 
Secondary Appraisal: "will i be able to handle it? how?"
 
Problem focused coping: attempts to modify, reduce, or eliminate the source of stress.
 
Emotion-focused coping: attempts to alter the emotional response to the stressor 
 
Other Coping: reappraising the situation, learning from the experience, making social comparison. cultivating a sense of humor. religious beliefs. 
Term
Kobasa's Hardiness Model
Definition

ability to adapt to stress in unusually positive ways

    - commitment

    - challenge

    - control

 

results in difficult events being viewed less negatively, reducing stress

 

Term
Psychological Characteristics that Reduce Stress and Illness
Definition
Optomism
Social Support
Positive Emotions -nuns lived longer
Explanatory style
sense of control 
Term
Psychological Disorder and its Historical Views
Definition

Any behavior or emotional state that causes an individual great suffering or worry, is self-defeating or self-destructive, or is maladaptive and disrupts the person's relationships or the larger community.

 

Historical Views:

    - "Evil Spirits": witch hunts

    - Imbalance of bodily fluids 

Term
Medical Model of Psychological Disorders
Definition
view that abnormal behavior is symptomatic of underlying "disease" that can be "cured" with appropriate therapy
- draws an analogy between mental and physical illness
-a widely held view, but some question it
- causes of mental illness often unclear
- social, cultural context of symptoms is important, more so than for physical illness 
Term
Diathesis-Stress model for Psychological Disorders
Definition
Diatheses + Stressors = psychological disorders
 
Diatheses: Genetic factors, biological characteristics, psychological tests
 
Stressors: traumatic life events, negative family life, economic disadvantage
 
 
Term
Defining Abnormal
Definition
1) Negative emotional and functional consequences for the person
    - unhappiness, inability to fufill roles, harmful to       self or others 
2) Statistical frequency
3) Nonconformity to societal tolerance limits
4) Expert Judgement (Rosenhan- participants faked disorders to enter psych ward, patients say through deception, but not staff)
5) Absolute Standard - DSM: provides specific criteria for diagnosis; provides language for clinicians to communicate with 
Term

DSM-IV-TR 

Definition
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition
-used for diagnosis and classification of psychological disorders
-intended to give objective, measurable criteria for diagnosing disorders
-does not suggest therapies or treatment
- does not discuss possible causes
 
Term
The Five Axis of the DSM-IV-TR
Definition

Axis = rating dimension

1) Common psychological disorders - schizo, bipolar

2) Personality disorders - paranoid pers. dis.

3) Medical conditions relevant to diagnosis or treatment - diseases of the circulatory system

4) Psychosocial and environmental problems that may affect diagnosis, treatment, or prognosis - homelessness

5) Global assessment of functioning scale 

Term

Advantages of DSM

Definition
Advantages: 
- when used correctly and diagnosis made with valid objective tests, the DSM improves reliability of and agreement among clinicians 
-DSM IV included for the first time a list of culture-bound syndromes, disorders specific to a particular culture 
Term
Concerns about DSM
Definition
-the danger of overdiagnosis
- confusion of serious mental disorders with normal problems
- the power of diagnostic labels
- reliance on the medical model
 
Term
Problems associated with diagnostic labeling
Definition
diagnostic labeling effects:
-labels for psychological problems can become self-fufilling prophecies
    - make it difficult to recognize normal behavior         when it occurs
    - may increase likelihood of abnormal behavior
 
Term
Major Categories for Disorders
Definition
1) Anxiety Disorder
2) Mood Disorder
3) Somatoform Disorder
4) Dissociative Disorder
5) Personality Disorder
6) Schizophrenia
 
Term
Anxiety Disorder 
Definition
- a class of disorders marked by excessive apprehension and worry that in turn impairs normal functioning
- coping with the anxiety typically involves either avoidance or ritualized behavior
Types:
1)Generalized anxiety disorder
2) Phobic disorder
3) Panic Disorder
4) Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
5) Agoraphobia 
 
Gender and Culture:
-Women more likely then men (men less likely to report symptoms or seek treatment)
- hispanic more then white americans 
Term
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Definition
- anxiety disorder 
-"free floating" anxiety
- chronic worrying lasting over 6 months
- usually accompanied by many minor physical symptoms 
 
Term
Phobic Disorder
Definition
-anxiety disorder
- highly focused fear of a specific object or situation
- example: irrational fear of snake 
Term
Panic Disorder
Definition
-anxiety disorder
- person experiances reoccuring panic attacks, feelings of impending doom or death, accompanied by physiological symptoms such as rapid breathing and dizziness 
Term
Agorophobia
Definition
-anxiety disorder
- fear of public places
- a set of phobias, often set off by a panic attack, involving the basic fear of being away from a safe place or person 
Term
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Definition
-anxiety disorder
- persistent, uncontrollable thoughts (obsessions) and compelling need to perform repetitive acts (compulsions)
- ex: excessive cleaning, checking
-person understands that the ritual behavior is senseless but guilt mounts if not performed.  
Term
Mood Disorders
Definition
prolonged, disabling disruptions in emotional state
2 types:
Major Depression
Bipolar Disorder
 
Gender and Culture:
-suicide: women more then men (men more often successful)
- depression: women more then men
- bipolar: no trend 
 
Suicide:
- possible consequence of mood disorders
- 3rd leading cause of death in adolescents
- 8th leading cause of death among all ages 
- another major predictor is prior suicide attempts     and thoughts 
Term
Major Depression
Definition
-mood disorder
- involves disturbances in emotion (excessive sadness), behavior (loss of interest in one's usual activities), cognition (thoughts of hoplessness), and body function (fatigue and loss of appetite)
Episode Diagnosis (5+, for at least 2 weeks): 
    -depressed mood most of the day
    -change in activity level
    -reduced interest in almost all activities
    -significant weight gain or loss, without dieting
    -sleep disturbance (insomnia or too much sleep)
    -fatigue or loss of energy
    -feelings of worthlessness or guilt
    -negative self-concept
    -reduced ability to think or concentrate
    -recurrent thoughts of death
 
Term
Bipolar Disorder
Definition
-mood disorder
-disordered mood shifts in two directions, from depression to manic state
    -manic state: person becomes hyperactive,             talkative, decreased need for sleep
    -manic state must last at least a week to be             classified as such, but may last for months
    -note that functioning is often severly impaired
-bipolar disorder can have rapid mood swings
 
Term
Somatoform Disorders
Definition
-psychological disorders that focus on the physical body
2 types:
1) Hypochondriasis
2) Conversion Disorder
 
Gender and Culture:
-conversion: women more then men
-hypochondriasis: no trend
-Asia and India have similar conditions common fear for men 
Term
Hypochondriasis
Definition
-somatoform disorder
-long-lasting preoccupation with idea that one has a serious disease, based on misinterpretation of normal body reactions
 
Term
Conversion Disorder
Definition
-somatoform disorder
-real physical problems that seem to have no physical cause 
Term
Dissociative Disorders
Definition
-characterized by seperation, or dissociation, of conscious awareness from previous thoughts or memories
3 types:
1) Dissociative Amnesia
2)Dissociative Identity Disorder
3) Dissociative Fugue
 
 
Term
Dissociative Amnesia
Definition
-dissociative disorder
-inability to remember important personal information
-generally psychological in origin
 
Term
Dissociative Fugue
Definition
-dissociative disorder 
-loss of personal identity, often accompanied by a flight from home
Term
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Definition
-dissociative disorder
-individual alternates between what appear to be two or more distinct identities or personalities (also known as multiple personality disorder)
-not all clinicians believe in it
-some symptoms can be faked
-an extreme form of our ability to present many aspects of our personalities to others.
-some therapists may reward patients with attention and praise for revealing more and more personalities 
Term
Personality Disorders
Definition
-chronic, enduring patterns of behavior leading to significant impairment in social functioning
-cause personal distress or an inability to get along with others
-some clinicians view these as extremes of personality rather than disorders per se
3 types
1)Narcissistic Personality Disorder
2) Paranoid Personality Disorder
3) Anti-Social Personality Disorder
 
Gender and Culture:
-Anti-social there are more men then women 
Term
Narcissitic Personality Disorder
Definition
-personality disorder
-characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance and self-absorption
 
Term
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Definition
-personality disorder
-characterized by habitually unreasonable and excessive suspiciousness and jealousy. 
Term
Anti-Social Personality Disorder
Definition
-personality disorder
-characterized by antisocial behavior such as lying, stealing, manipulating others, and sometimes violence; and a lack of guilt, shame and empathy
-sometimes called psychopathy or sociopathy
DSM criteria for Antisocial (must have 3):
    -repeatedly break the law
    -deceitful, uses aliases and lies to con others
    -impulsive and unable to plan ahead
    -repeatedly get into physical fights or assaults
    -reckless disregard for own and others safety
    -irresponsible, failing to meet obligations
    -lack remorse for actions that harm others 
Term
Schizophrenia
Definition
-involves fundamental disturbances in thought processes, emotion, and/or behavior
-complex disorder that may be expressed in a variety of ways
4 types
1) Paranoid
2) Disorganized
3) Catatonic
4) Undifferentiated
 
Gender and Culture:
-men at slightly greater risk and tend to develop earlier in life
-more african americans then whites 
 
Term
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Definition
1)Hallucinations (mostly auditory)
2) Delusions (of gradeur and persecution are most         common)
3)Speech Disturbances (including word salad)
4)Disorganized behavior (silliness, wierd motor             behaviors)
5) Inappropriate affect (emotional responses that are  inappropriate for the circumstances, such as crying at comedy shows) 
Term
Diagnosis of Schizophrenia
Definition
Positive Symptoms: observable expressions of abnormal behavior
    -Hallucinations
    -Delusions
    -Disorganized speech
 
Negative Syptoms: Elimination or reduction of normal behavior
    -Flat affect little or no emotional reaction to events.
    - Refusing to take care of self 
Term
Paranoid
Definition
-schizo
-delusions of grandeur and persecition
-usually harmless but may become violent if threatened
 
Term
Catatonic
Definition

-schizo

-periods of frenzied activity alternating with periods of immobility

-may stay in odd positions for hours

 

Term
Disorganized
Definition

-schizo

-innappropriate affect and actions

-incoherent verbal behavior and silliness

-delusions and hallucinations

 

Term
undifferentiated
Definition

-schizo

-used to describe schizos with mixed or unusual symptoms 

Term
Causes of Psychological Disorders
Definition

1) Biological

2) Genetic

3) Cognitive

4) Environmental

 

Term
Causes: Biological Factors
Definition

-include physical problems of the brain

-neurotransmiter imbalances:

dopamine excess in schizo

serotonin in mood disorders

OCD low serotonin

-schizo associated with enlarged ventricles (structural problems in the brain) 

Term
Causes: Genetic Contributions
Definition

-do some people inherit predispostions toward developing disorders?

-schizo increase with closeness of relative who has it

-highest likelihood for identical twin

-similar pattern for depression, bipolar disorder 

Term
Causes: Cognitive Factors
Definition

-maladaptive thought patterns may contribute to depression

-internal, stable, global attributions for negative experiances may play role in depression

-learned helplessness: acquired when people repeatedly fail in attempts to control environment

-may also contribute to depression

 

-internal: "Its totally my fault"

-stable: "I was born stupid"

-global: "ill prob fail all my courses" 

Term
Causes: Environmental Factors
Definition

-do people learn to act abnormally?

-culture that emphasizes thinness may predispose you to anorexia nervosa

-cultural background may influence the kinds of delusions seen in schizo

-conditioning may ply a role as well

-specific phobias may be acquired through classical conditioning or observational learning 

Term
Life Experiances and Circumstances
Definition
Dissociative Disorders: emotional trauma in early life
 
Conversion Disorder: early life or current stress
 
Depression: loss of or problems with important relationships throughout life
 
Women are less satisfied with work and family and more likely to live in poverty
 
women are more likely to be victims of sexual violence 
Term
Major Approachs to the Treatment of Psychological Disorders
Definition

Biomedical Therapies

Psychotherapy 

Term
Biomedical Therapies
Definition

Drug Therapies

Electroconvulsive Therapies (ECT)

Psychosurgery 

Term
Drug Therapies
Definition
-antipsycotic drugs reduce positive symptoms of schizo
    -chloropromazine first used in 50s to treat delusions and hallucinations
    -most act on dopamine
    -highly successfull in reducing in-patient pop. 
    -side effects include involuntary movements of tongue, jaw, face 
-Antidepressant drugs modulate availability or effectiveness of neurotransmitters implicated in mood disorders
    -tricyclics modulate norepinephrine
    -flouxetine (prozac) modulates serotonin
 
-Lithium carbonate used for bipolar
-Antianxiety drugs reduce tension, anxiety 
 
-short term success high but mant patients (50-66%) stop taking meds cuz side effects
-ind. taking antidep. w/out learning to cope w/ problems are more likely to relapse
-problems with getting right dosage
-drugs are metabolized in everyone differently 
Term
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Definition
-brief electric shock to the brain
-used mainly for depression (success 50-70%)
-often last resort treatment
-needs anesthesia, muscle relaxants reduce physical trauma
-controversial because unclear how or why it works, causes confusion an memory loss, relapse rate is high 
Term
Psychosurgery
Definition

-surgery that destroys or alters tissues in the brain in an effort to affect behavior

-very rare treatment

-prefrontal lobotomy is most famous example

-produced calming effects, but also serious cognitive deficits, sometimes death

 

Approachs: 

1) Psychoanalysis(Psychodynamic)

2) Behavioral

3) Cognitive

4) Humanistic 

Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition

-derived from freuds work

-Goal: bring hidden impulses, memories to surface of awareness - make the uncounscious conscious

-long intense and expensive

-works best with verbal educated patients

-Techniques: free association-patient relaxes and freely expresses whatever comes to mind

dream analysis-determine latent content of dreams

 

Resistance: blocking that indicates areas that should be explored

 

Transference: in psycodynamic therapies, a critical step in which the client transfers unconscious emotions or reactions, such as conflicts about his or her parents, onto the therapist

 

Countertransference: problem to be avoided in therapy. therapis projects feelings about importnat people in therapists life onto the patient. should not happen. example:therapist might project feelings for a parent onto an older patient

 

contemporary psychodynamic therapists speed up the lengthy process 

Term
Behavior Therapy
Definition

- a form of therapy that applies principles and techniques of classical and operant conditioning and overscational learning to help people change self defeating or problematic behaviors.

Systematic Desensitization: use counterconditioning, extinction to reduce fear. works through an anxiety hierarchy of situations that lead to fearful reactions.

    -imagine fearful situations while remaining             relaxed 

Aversion Therapy: Replace a positive reaction to a harmful stimulus with something negative

    -ex: give a drug that causes severe nausea when alcohol is ingested 

Social Skills Training: use modeling and reinforcement to shape appropriate adjustment skills

 

Term
Cognitive Therapy
Definition
-Goal: remove irrational beliefs, negative thoughts presumed to be responsible for psychological disorders
    -ex. depression
-Techniques:
    -identify irrational beliefs, maladaptive interpretations of events
    -challenge beliefs directly
    -encourage more rational beliefs and interpretations
 
-Ellis:Rational Emotive Therapy- therapist verbally assualts irrational thought processes almost like a cross-examiner ex. i must be perfect
    -can be harsh
 
-Becks cognitive therapy: less harsh and confrontational. encourages clients to identify irrational thouht processes themselves. 
Term
Humanistic Therapy
Definition
-Goal: Help clients gain insight into their fundamental self-worth and value as human beings; facilitate clients growth toward self-actualization
-Rogers Client Centered Therapy: client, not therapist, holds key to psychological health, happiness. problems stem from incongruence in self-concept
-Genuineness: therapist is not "phony", expresses feelings openly and honestly
-Unconditional positive regard: therapist does not place conditions of worth on client. accepts all clients
Empathy: therapist tries to see things from the clients perspective 
Term
Evaluating Therapy
Definition

-cognitive therapy best for depression

-behavioral best for some kinds of anxiety disorders

-therapy produced improvement (up to 26 sessions then levels off)

 

success = (qualities of client + qualitites of therapist) + effective method for given problem 

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