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| The process by which children learn the behaviours, attitudes and expectations required of them by their coiety or culture |
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| The study of changes in behaviour and mental processes |
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Observed devastating effects of children placed in orphanages without touches or cuddles
- Babies were physically healthy but emotionally despairing, remote and listless
- By becoming attached to caregivers, children gain a secure base from which they can explore the environment and a haven of safety attached to the caregiver feeling free to explore and learn in new environments
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| In primates, the innate pleasure derived from close physical comfort; basis of the infant's first attachment |
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Demonstrated importance of contact comfort with monkeys (one cloth mother and one bare wire mother)
- Found monkeys ran to cloth mother when they were scared
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- Strange Situation
- Bring baby into unfamilliar environment
- Stranger comes in, mother leaves baby with stranger, mother retures, stranger leaves
- Came up with types of atachment
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| A child's first word combinations which omit unnecessary words (as a telegram did) |
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| Putting new information into existing mental categories |
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| Changing mental categories to account for new information |
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| Understanding which develops throughout the first year, that an object continues to exist even when you cannot see or touch it |
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| When did Piaget say the sensorimotor stage was? What did it include? |
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Definition
From birth to age 2: Infant learns concrete actions .
- Learning cause and effect
- Object permanence
- Imaginative play
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| When did Piaget say the preoperational stage was? What did it include? |
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Definition
From ages 2 to 7.
- Limited ability to use symbols
- Egocentric thinking
- No theory of mind
- Conservation
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| Mistakenly believed children could only see the world from their own frame of reference |
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| Understanding that physical properties of objects can remain the same even when their form or appearance changes |
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| When did Piaget say the concrete operations stage was? What did it include? |
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Ages 7 to 12.
- Can work on mental operations
- Limited theory of mind
- Limited concrete concepts (not abstract)
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| When did Piaget say the formal operations stage was? What did it include? |
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| 12 to 13 onto adulthood. Capacle of abstract reasoning, deductive reasoning and logic |
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| Vgotsky on child development |
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Definition
Emphasis on sociocultureal influences. Believed child develops mental representations of the world through culture and language and that adults play a major role in child development by teaching and guiding them
- Did not believe in "stages" of child development as Piaget did
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Vgotsky: talking to yourself to direct your own behaviour
- Eventually become internalized
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| System of beliegs about the way one's own mind and the minds of others work and of how individuals are affected by their beliefs and feelings |
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| Children's ability to understand right from wrong evolved from evolved along with the rest of their cognitive abilities progressing through three stages |
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| Method of child rearing where parent uses punishment and authority to correct a child's bishevaiour |
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| Method of child rearing where parent appeals to child's own abilities, sense of responsibility and feelings for others in correcting the child's misbehaviour |
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| Ambiguous genitals or genitals that conflict with chromosomes |
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| People that don't fit into usual categories of male and female |
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| Peopl who are not inersexed but feel they are a male in a female body (vice versa) |
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| Mental networks of beliefs and expectations of what it means to be male or female |
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| Erikson: How many stages of life? |
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Definition
| 8 stages each characterized by a crisis |
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| Erikson: Trust versus mistrust |
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Definition
| Stage 1: As a baby. If basic food needs are not met may never develop trust |
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| Erikson: Autonomy versus shame and doubt |
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| Stage 2: Occurs as a toddler learning to be independent |
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| Erikson: Initiative versus guilt |
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Definition
| Stage 3: As a preschooler learning new skills, setting goals, discovering talents and controlling impulses. Danger lies in developping too strong guilt over wishes or fantasies |
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| Erikson: Competence versus inferiority |
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| Stage 4: School aged children. Learning new skils for adult life |
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| Erikson: Identity versus role confusion |
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| Stage 5: Adolescence: teens decide what they are going to do, who they are and what they hope to make of their lives |
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| Erikson: Intimacy versus isolation |
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| Stage 6: young adulthood: share yourself with another and learn to make commitments |
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| Erikson: Generativity versus stagnation |
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| Stage 7: Middle years: Will you sink into complacency and selfishness or experience creativity and renewl (i.e. parenthood as generativity) |
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| Erikson: Ego integrity versus despair |
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| Stage 8 is final challenge of adulthood and old age. Reach ultimate goals |
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- African Americans
- Assigned to control (no preschool) or intervention (preschool based on Piaget)
- Followed to age 40 and found that intervention has higher success in general
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| Issues with longitudinal designs |
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Definition
- Takes time
- expensive
- participant mortality (drop out or hard to find)
- Historic events that only happen to these people
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| Issues with cross sectional design |
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Definition
- Need more people
- Different individuals in each group (i.e. different historic events and not same outcomes)
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| Anxious even when mother is near and upset when she leaves but not comforted when she returns |
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| Little contact with mom, not upset when she leaves and treats stranger similarily |
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Biological drives and urges
- Libido
- Thanatos (destructive force)
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Attempt to balance id and superego
- urges and negative feelings supressed into unconscious
- Unresolved conflicts stall development
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- Weird people
- Misogenistic
- Influenced by own problems
- Over sexualized
- Untestable
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- There are no set stages of development
- Cultural experience, less biological
- Children understand concepts they don't display
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