Refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs through the

course of life.

1. Physical Process: Change in a biological nature
2. Cognitive Process: Involve changes in individuals thoughts, intelligence, and language
3. Sociemotional Process: Relationship with other people

Nature: A persons biological inheritance

–

Nurture: Individual environmental and social experiences

Infants need to receive warm, nurturing caregiving in first year to develop

Important life developments as we age

A person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times

Resislient children have at least one advantage;

seems to be related to high IQ

• Germinal period (1-2 weeks): Cell division and attachment to uterine wall
• Embryonic period (3-8 weeks): Organs develop, face forms, and heart beats by week 8
• Fetal period (2-9 months): 4 months fetus is 5 ounces, 6 months fetus is 1.5 lbs. Last 3 months is when organ function increases and fetus puts on weight and size

• Agent that causes birth defects
• Chemical agents and certain illnesses
• FASD –fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

• HIV

• Ghonorrhea (blindness)

• Beyond genetics, influenced by both Nature and Nurture. 

• Involves major changes in the brain's anottomical make-up as synapses grow and die of in relation to use.
• Connections made grow stronger, connections unused "die" off.

First real theory on cognitive development in childhood through adulthood.

• Use of Schemas
• 2 process of using schemas
• Assimilation: Where an individual incorporates new knowledge into existing knowledge
• Accommodation: When an individual adjusts their schemas to new information

Accommodation Schema (Piaget)

1. Sensorimotor: Birth to 2 years
2. Preoperational: 2-7 years
3. Concrete Operational: 7-11 years
4. Formal Operational: 11-15 years

Birth to 2 years

An infant progresses from reflexive, instinctual action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought. The infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences and physical actions.

2-7 years old

The child begins to represent the world with words and images; these words and images relfect increased symbolic thinking and go beyond the connection of sensory information and physical action.

7-11 Years

The child can now reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets.

11-15 Years

The adolescent reasons in more abstract and logical ways. Thought is more idealistic.

Erik Erikson (1902-1994)

Developed one of the most influential theories in the psychology field

Proposed eight psychosocial stages of development from infancy to death

First person to expect development to occur throughout life

Eric Erikson's 8 Life Stages:

Stage 1, Infancy

• 0-1 years
• Conflict: Basic trust vs. mistrust
• Resolution or "Virture: Hope
• Culmination in old age: appreciation of interdependence and relatedness

Eric Erikson's 8 Life Stages:

Stage 2, Early Childhood

• 1-3 years
• Confilct: Autonomy vs. Shame
• Resolution or "Virtue": Will
• Culmination in old age: Acceptance of the cycle of life, from integration to disintegration.

Eric Erikson's 8 Life Stages:

Stage 3, Play Age

• 3-6 years
• Conflict: Initiative vs. Guilt
• Resolution or "Virtue": Purpose
• Culmination in old age: Humor, Resilience, Empathy 

Eric Erikson's 8 Life Stages:

Stage 4, School Age

• 6-12 years
• Conflict: Industry vs. Inferiority
• Resolution or "Virtue": Competence
• Culmination in old age: Humility, acceptance of the course of one's life, including unfulfilled hopes.

Eric Erikson's 8 Life Stages:

Stage 5, Adolescence

• 12-19 years
• Conflict: Identity vs. Confusion
• Resolution or "Virtue": Fidelity
• Culmination in old age: Sense of complexity of life, merging of sensory, logical and aesthetic perception

Eric Erikson's 8 Life Stages:

Stage 6, Early Adulthood

• 20-25 years
• Conflict: Intimacy vs. Isolation
• Resolution or "Virtue": Love
• Culmination in old age: Sense of the compexity of relationships, value of tenderness and loving freely 

Eric Erikson's 8 Life Stages:

Stage 7,  Adulthood

• 26-64 years
• Conflict: Generativity vs Stagnation
• Resolution or "Virtue": Care
• Culmination in old age: Caritas, caring for others, and agape, empathy and concern

Eric Erikson's 8 Life Stages:

Stage 8, Old Age

• 65 - death
• Conflict: Integrity vs. Despair
• Resolution or "Virtue": Wisdom
• Culmination: Existential identity, a sense of integrity strong enough to withstand physical disintegration

• Moral Development
• Created theory by asking morality questions to  children, adolescents and adults.
• ex) Heinz Dilemma: Man’s wife is dying of cancer and needs a drug to save her life, attempts to get it legally through pharmacist but cannot due to high price.  Heinz decides to steal the drug.                  – Right or Wrong?
• The reasoning is what is important not the answer

Summary of Kohlberg's

Stages of Moral Development

• Morality Driven By...?
• Level 1: Pre-conventional
• Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment 
• Stage 2: Self Interest 
• Level 2: Conventional
• Stage 3: Interpersonal Accord and Conformity 
• Stage 4: Authority and Social Order Obedience 
• Level 3: Post-conventional
• Stage 5: Social Contract 
• Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development:

Explain Stage 1:

Obedience and Punishment Driven 

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development:

Explain Stage 2:

Self Interest Driven

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development:

Explain Stage 3:

Interpersonal Accord and Conformity Driven

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development:

Explain Stage 4:

Authority and Social Order Obedience Driven

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development:

Explain Stage 5:

Social Contract Driven

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development:

Explain Stage 6:

Universal Ethical Principles Driven

•  New Concept looking at ages 18-25
• Transitional perdiod from adolescence and adulthood 
• Characterized by experimentation and exploration
• Basically a person is deciding how to be an adult, but still has some “child” like qualities and behaviors.  
• In this stage learns to balance between the two

•  Authoritarian: Strict style focused on directing behavior through punishment. Firm limits and controls with little child input
• Authoritative: Limits and controls on behavior, but encourages independence. More input and dialogue with child.
• Neglectful: Lack of parental involvement
• Permissive:Few to no limits or controls on behavior. Lack of structure seems to create problems in self control both emotionally and behaviorally

Temperament

(Definition and Basic Types in Children)

• Refers to an individual behavioral style and characteristic way of responding
• Three types (Chess and Thomas)
• Easy Child: Generally positive mood, quickly adapts and establishes routines
• Difficult child: Tends to react negatively, cry frequently, slow to accept new experiences
• Slow to warm up child:Low activity level, somewhat negative, inflexible