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| the unique pattern of enduring psychological and behavioral characteristics by which each person can be compared and contrasted to others |
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| developed by Freud, emphasizes the role of the unconscious mental processes in determining thoughts, feelings, and behavior |
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| one of the structures of personality, contains the basic instincts, desires, and impulses with which people are born. It operates on the pleasure principle. Eros is the instinct for pleasure and sex. Thantos is the death instinct, which can motivate aggressive and destructive behavior. This seeks immediate gratification, regardless of society's rules. |
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| the unconscious psychic energy that is contained in the id |
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| the operating principle by which the wants and desires of the id push people to do whatever feels good. |
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| evolves form the id and attempts to satisfy the id's demands without breaking society's rules. This operates on the reality principle. |
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| the operating principle of the ego because the ego must find compromises between irrational id impulses and the demands of the real world |
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| formed form internalized values and dictates what people should do and what people shouldn't do. This can be thought of as operating on the morality principle. |
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| Unconscious psychological and behavioral tactics that help protect a person from anxiety by preventing conscious awareness of unacceptable if impulses and unconscious material. |
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| development of part of Freud's psychodynamic theory of personality. Each stage is distinguished by the part of the body from which a person dervives dominant pleasure. Five stages are: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, and Genital. Failure to resolve problems in each stage could resolve in fixation. |
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| Occurs during the first year of life, when the child derives pleasure from the mouth. If the child is weaned too early or too late, problems that can lead to fixation may arise. |
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| Occurs during the second year of life, when pleasure derived from the anal area. If toilet training is too demanding or is begun too early, problems can lead to fixation. |
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| Occure from three to five years of age, when pleasure derived from the genital area. During this stage, boys experience the Oedipus complex and girls experience Electra complex. A fixation in this stage could lead to problems with authority or maintaining love relationships. |
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| a constellation of impulses that occur during the phallic stage. A boy's id impulses involved sexual desires for the mother and a desire to eliminate the father, with whom they compete for the mother's affection. However, the fear of retaliation causes the boys to identify with their fathers and acquire male-gender-role behaviors. |
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| Occurs during the phallic stage when the girls experience penis envy and transfer their love from their mothers to their fathers. To resolve this stage, girls identify with their mothers and acquire female gender-role behaviors. |
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| occurs after the phallic stage and lasts til puberty. Sexual impulses lay dormant during the latency period. |
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| Occurs from puberty onward. The genitals are once again the primary source of sexual pleasure. The satisfaction obtained during this stage is dependent upon resolution of conflicts experiences in the other stages. |
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| Views personality as a unique combination of dispositions or tendencies to think and behave in certain ways. The three basic assumptions of this approach are that dispositions are stable and consistent over time, that the tendency to think and behave in certain ways is consistent in diverse situations, and that each person has a unique combination of dispositions. |
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| the five factors that trait theorists believe best define the basic organization of personality. These factors are neuroticism, extroversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness |
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| Social Cognitive Approach |
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| Views personality as the array of behaviors that a person acquires through learning. Also important are the roles of learned thought patterns and the influence of social situations. |
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| Behavior was employed by Skinner to better understand behavior. Skinner wanted to know how behavior is functional in obtaining rewards and avoiding punishment. |
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| A term used by Brandura, is the expectation of success in a given situation. These cognitive expectations may play a major role in determining behavior in that situation. |
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| focuses on the individual's unique perception, interpretation, and experience of reality. Humanistic theorists assume that humans have an innate drive to grow and to fulfill their own unique potentials. |
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| An innate tendency toward realizing one's potential. This concept is important in many humanistic personality theories. If growth toward self-actualization is not impeded, a person with tend to be happy and comfortable. |
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| the way one thinks about oneself. It is influenced by self-actualizing tendencies and others' evaluations. |
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| the beliefs that a person's worth depends on displaying the "right" attitudes, behaviors, and values. These conditions are created whenever people, instead of their behaviors are evaluated. |
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| Occurs when people are preoccupied with meeting needs for what they don't have. In other words, people focus on what they don't have verses what they do. (glass half empty) |
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| Occurs when people focus on deriving satisfaction from what they have. |
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| Objective Personality Tests |
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| One type of personality test, are paper-and-pencil tests containing clear, specific questions, statements, or concepts to which a person writes responses. |
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| Projective Personality Tests |
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| Composed of unstructured stimuli that can be perceived and responded to many ways. People who use these kinds of tests assume that responses will reflect aspects of personality. It is relatively difficult to transform these tests' reposes into numerical scores. (Rorschach Inkblot Test) |
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