AUTOCRATIC

DICTATORIAL

WORK GOT DONE ONLY WHEN WATCHED

HOSTILITY AGGRESSION IN FIGHTING

LAISSEZ-FAIRE

(LEADERLESS)

CHAOS

LITTLE WORK GOT DONE

DEMOCRATIC

WORK GOT DONE WITH

MORE CREATIVE MOTIVATION AND SATISFACTION

SOLOMON ASCHO CONFORMITY

in an experiment apparently or perception:

-70% “wrongly” conform and “lie” about their experience (peer pressure) this was followed by rationalization

-30% remain independent

this experiment shows the power of the group to produce conformity

STANLEY MILGRAM

OBEDIENCE TO AUTHORITY

2/3 RECEIVED FULL SHOCK TO THE "STOOGE" LEARNER

EXPERTS PREDICTED THIS WOULD ONLY RARELY HAPPEN

THUS NORMAL PEOPLE WOULD BEHAVE BADLY IN BAD CIRCUMSTANCES

fundamental attribution error

we attribute behavior to personalities instead of situations “the power of the situation” 

thus good people can behave in very neg ways

Bystander apathy

people refuse to interfere when something wrong is being done “I didn’t want to get involved” (the opposite is bystander altruism)

Stanford prison experiment

people who play prisoners become passive, helpless, dejected

people who play guards become brutal and domineering

2 week experiment was stopped after one week because “prisoners” were being emotionally damaged-ethical issues

Ellen Langer

-40% of student “pilots” improved vision

-visuals ability improved in certain situations by mental “self” (flight suit and working flight simulator)

thus visual acuity isn’t just physiological 

The power of cognitive control

 how our attitudes and beliefs can shaper our experience for better or worse

How we construct realty

reality is subjective

Jonestown: jim jones

cult leader

900 deaths as a result of group influence and leadership charisma

Robert Rosenthal

self fulfilling prophesy

experiment: kids got smarter when expected to do so by teacher 

four factors: 

1. warmer climate (more): nicer, verbal/non verbal actions

2. input factor (more chance to respond): teach more material for favorable outcomes

3. response opportunity factor

4. feedback factor

repeated with “smart” vs. “slow” lab rats.

Jigsaw classroom

each child teaches/helps the others learn

-instead of competition there’s cooperation & interdependence 

you can’t learn the whole lesson without each group member

Cognitive Dissonance

(Festinger): then tendancy to want/need to resolve 2 discrepant pieces of information (rationalization?!)

Social Facilitation

When people watch what we’re doing if we do it well, we tend to do it better

De-individuation

anytime people get together lose self awareness (eg. mob rule)

scapegoat theory

when prejudice gives outlet for anger by giving us someone to blame

Attribution theory (fritz heider)

an attempt to find the underlying cause of people’s behavior--is it the personality or the situation

Social Loafing

people relax more when combing their efforts to reach a common goal 

this is an avoidance of individual responsibility 

Groupthink

the belief that group wisdom will invariably prevail and succeed (e.g. JFK and the Bay of Pigs, (invasion of Cuba))

Prejudice

An unreasonable or illogical attitude of discrimination against a group or it’s members

The Just World Phenomenon

the belief that when some people suffer misfortune or disaster, they must deserve it in some way. 

Stress

a process by which we appraise and cope with environmental challenges

the experience of being taxed or challenged almost beyond our ability to cope

hans selye

a pioneer in the study of stress: General Adaptation Syndrome (gas)

• alarm: result of the “flight or fight” response// “stew and chew”
• resistance: attempt to cope wit challenge
• exhaustion: we run out of resources

body’s nonspecific response to a demand 

Stressor

a trigger in the environment that leads to a stress response

Eustress

positive stress: something we pursue in order not to be bored

Distress

the negative type of stress; something we put up with