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Psych 100- Maher Unit 1
N/A
102
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
09/26/2008

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Term
Biological perspective
Definition
a view that behavior and mental processes result from genes, hormones, anatomical structures, and the physiological process of the body.
Term
Cognitive perspective
Definition
suggests that behavior is motivated by mental processes such as thought, language, and problem solving.
Term
Behavioral perspective
Definition
the study of behavior that is observed and measurable in a scientific way.
Term
Psychoanalytic perspective
Definition
unconscious desires motivates our thoughts and desires. Our psyche is like an iceberg, with most of it under "water" or unconscious.
Term
Humanistic perspective
Definition
Teaches that man is basically good and motivated to better themselves.
Term
Gestalt
Definition
emphasized perception as more than just the sum of the parts(elements of sensation).
Term
correlation method
Definition
measures how different variables relate to each other
Term
causation
Definition
correlation is not causation
Term
Independent variables
Definition
variable which is manipulated
Term
Dependant variable
Definition
variable which is measured
Term
Soma
Definition
the cell body, the metabolic center of the neuron
Term
Nucleus
Definition
contains the DNA of the cell
Term
Dendrite
Definition
receives information from other neurons
Term
Axon Hillock
Definition
swelling at the beginning of the Axon where summation occurs
Term
Axon
Definition
sends information to receiving neurons
Term
myelin sheath
Definition
insulation for the axon, speeds up transmission of action potentials
Term
Nodes of Ranvier
Definition
gaps between myelin sheath which jump start the speed of the neural transmission
Term
Axon terminal buttons (synaptic knobs)
Definition
release chemicals during a synapes
Term
Depolarization
Definition
the ion channels open and close segment by segment causing the action potential to move along the axon
Term
Action potential
Definition
Any stimulation beyond a certain level coming into a neuron produces a sudden, massive depolarization of the membrane.
Term
Resting potential
Definition
results from a difference in distribution of various ions between the inside and outside of the membrane. (The positive charge is greater on the outside of the cell than on the inside.)
Term
dopamine
Definition
excites and inhibits learning, attention, movement, and reinforcement.
Term
seratonin
Definition
plays role in regulating mood, sleep, impulsivity, aggression and appetite.
Term
Norepinephrine
Definition
affects eating habits, alertness, and wakefulness. Predominant in fear.
Term
Epinephrine
Definition
Causes surges of energy. Predominant in fear.
Term
Substance P
Definition
signals that your body is feeling pain
Term
Endorphins
Definition
are the body's natural painkillers
Term
synapse
Definition
process where the chemical neurotransmitters separate from the sending neuron and bind to receptors on the receiving neuron
Term
Melatonin
Definition
increase in melatonin increases sleepiness. It's synthesized in the pineal gland. Need darkness to be produced.
Term
Stage 1 of Sleep
Definition
Theta waves
Term
Stage 2 of Sleep
Definition
Sleep spindles(burst of waves lasting at least a half second), K- complexs(sharp high amplitude, negative wave followed by a smaller, slower positive wave).
Term
Stage 3 and 4 of Sleep
Definition
Delta waves - deep sleep
Term
Stage of Sleep: Awake
Definition
Normally beta waves
Term
Stage of Sleep: Pre-sleep and meditation
Definition
Alpha waves
Term
REM
Definition
(Random Eye Movement) Mostly Beta waves- dream sleep
Term
Paradoxical sleep
Definition
because we produce beta waves when we are in REM sleep and while awake.
Term
Duration of Sleep cycle
Definition
90 minutes
Term
Psychological dependence
Definition
A condition in which one needs a drug to function cognitively and emotionally.
Term
Physical dependence
Definition
a condition in which one's body needs the drug to function
Term
Repair and Restoration Theory
Definition
the main function sleep is to enable the body to repair itself after the exertions of the day
Term
Adaptive theory
Definition
We evolved a need to sleep to force us to conserve energy when we would be relatively inefficient and to protect us from nocturnal predators
Term
Sleep apnea
Definition
inability to breathe while sleeping. Causes: obesity and brain mechanisms for respirations fail to work.
Term
Freudian dream theory
Definition
Dreams reflect unconscious desires and wishes especially those involving sex and aggression. To protect us our mind transforms these desires that appear in our dreams.
Term
3 types of drug tolerance
Definition
metabolic, cellular, and learned
Term
Activation-Synthesis Dream Theory
Definition
dreaming represents random and meaningless firing of neurons in the brain. the pos sends random nerve impulse to the cortex which attempt to make sense of them. reflects our past experiences and our perspective on the world.
Term
how cocaine affects our nervous system
Definition
produces enhanced mod, alertness, increased activity, decreased appetite and dimished fatigue. blocks of dopamine
Term
how caffeine affects the nervous system
Definition
increases heart rate and constricts blood vessels in the brain decreasing blood supply.
Term
how MDMA- ecstasy affects the nervous system
Definition
brain damage produced by ecstasy
Term
Drive-reduction theory
Definition
organisms are motivated to reduce their drives by satisfying their needs
Term
instinct theory
Definition
innate tendencies or biological forces that determine behavior
Term
incentive theory
Definition
when environmental factors, such as external stimuli, reinforcers, or rewards motivate our behavior
Term
cognitive theory of motivation- extrinsic motivation
Definition
engaging in certain behaviors that reduce biological or provide rewards (i.e. coloring for a grade)
Term
cognitive theory of motivation- intrinsic motivation
Definition
engaging in certain behaviors because the behavior is personally rewarding (i.e. coloring for pleasure)
Term
peripheral cues for hunger (PNS)- stomach
Definition
stomach- stretch receptors activate when stomach is distended sending signals to stop eating.
Term
peripheral cues for hunger (PNS)- liver
Definition
monitors glucose, when levels falls, signals hunger, when levels rise, it signals fullness
Term
peripheral cues for hunger (PNS)- intestines
Definition
when fat is in the intestine secretes a hormone called CCK which inhibits eating
Term
peripheral cues for hunger (PNS)- fat cells
Definition
secrete a hormone leptin which signals a person to stop eating- certain level of body fat
Term
lateral hypothalamus
Definition
electrical stimulation of this causes a rat to start eating. after damaging this area, the animal will refuse to eat, slowly recover its ability to eat and drink but never to a normal degree
Term
ventromedial hypothalamus
Definition
stimulating this area causes rats to stop eating. Lesions to the VMH lead to overeating and weight gain that is due to eating more frequently than normal.
Term
galanin
Definition
neurotransmitter int hypothalamus that stimulates eating fat
Term
norepinephrine
Definition
neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus that stimulates eating carbohydrates
Term
Schacter- Singer cognitive theory
Definition
we identify the emotion we are experiencing by using the context of the situation
Term
facial feedback theory
Definition
the sensations or feedback from the movement of your facial muslces and the skin are interpreted by your brain as different emotions
Term
James- Lange Theory
Definition
our brains interpret specific physiological changes as feelings or emotions and that there is a different physiological pattern underlying each emotion
Term
affectiveness- primacy theory
Definition
in some situations you feel an emotion before you have time to cognitively appraise the situation
Term
amygdala
Definition
plays an important role in emotion. activated by fear of threat
Term
male sex system
Definition
Wolffien
Term
female sex system
Definition
Mullerian
Term
SRY genes
Definition
stimulates the release of Mullerian inhibiting substance in males and the Wolffien system develops
Term
androgen insensitivity syndrome
Definition
a genetically male fetus develops as female. caused by a mutation to the androgen receptor gene. release normal amounts of androgen but they cannot respond to them.
Term
adrenogenital syndrome
Definition
deficiency in cortisol and excess adrenol hyperactivity
Term
3 forms of marital conflict
Definition
avoidant conflict style, volatile conflict style, validating conflict style
Term
avoidant conflict style
Definition
couples avoid conflict and agree to disagree
Term
volatile conflict style
Definition
couples have very passionate fights which may include yelling screaming and name calling but when they are not fighting they are equally passionate in showing their affection.
Term
validating conflict style
Definition
couples engage in active listening and truly try to understand each other's feelings in order to reach a compromise
Term
percentage of genetics to homosexual orientation
Definition
50%
Term
vasocongestion
Definition
occurs when the tissues swell with blood during sexual excitement. It occurs in different parts of the body such as the penis, the testicles, the breasts and the vulva area.
Term
myotonia
Definition
muscle tension experienced during sexual excitement in multiple parts of the body such as the feet, the legs, the arms, and the face
Term
4 phase of sexual response cycle
Definition
excitement phase, plateau phase, orgasm, resolution phase
Term
paraphilia
Definition
a compulsive and sometimes destructive deviation in sexual preference ad behavior
Term
3 types of STD's
Definition
viral, bacterial, and fungal
Term
6 types of stressors
Definition
frustration, hassles, pressures, conflict, life threatening catastrophic event, life adjustment events
Term
frustration
Definition
obstacles prevents you from reaching your goal
Term
hassles
Definition
small annoying inconviences in life
Term
pressures
Definition
when one feels threatened by a negative situation
Term
conflict
Definition
when two or more motives clash with each other
Term
life threatening catastrophic event
Definition
an extremely traumatic event
Term
life adjustment events
Definition
changes in one's life
Term
four types of conflicts
Definition
approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach-avoidance, double approach-avoidance.
Term
approach-approach conflict
Definition
need to pick between two pleasurable goals that are equal in value
Term
avoidance-avoidance conflict
Definition
choice between two or more unpleasurable options that can result in displeasing consequences, and you must choose one of the options
Term
approach-avoidance conflict
Definition
when your reach a positive goal that has an unpleasurable outcome
Term
double approach-avoidance conflict
Definition
when you find it difficult to decide between options that have both pleasurable and unpleasurable outcomes.
Term
general adaptation syndrome
Definition
the body's way of dealing with stressors- includes alarm, resistance and exhaustion stages
Term
alarm stage
Definition
the body reacts to a threatening situation by stimulating the release of adrenaline & CRF (immune and digestive system shuts down.)
Term
resistance stage
Definition
the body's source become drained, increase in cortisol
Term
exhaustion stage
Definition
the body's organs and immune system become weakened and damaged
Term
internal locus of control
Definition
one feels in control of his/her behavior and consequences from the environment
Term
external control
Definition
an ongoing belief that one has no power in controlling what happens in one's life
Term
social support theory
Definition
those who have more available social support are better able to handle stress
Term
type a (driven personality) vs. type b (laid back personality) ability to deal with stress
Definition
type a more prone to stress
Term
stress management techniques (8)
Definition
positive pyschology (application of the science of happines), yoga, relaxation response, biofeedback, massage therapy, TM (block out negative thoughts and feelings), exercise, nutrition
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