Term
| Primary v. Secondary Emotions |
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Definition
Primary emotions- the 7 universal emotions
Secondary emotions are when any of these 7 combine |
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Term
| James-Lange v. Cannon Bard; Two Factor Theory of Emotion |
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Definition
Lange- theory proposed that our body's reactions to stimuli impacted our interpretation of emotions
Bard- theory proposed that emotion provoking events lead to an emotional/bodily reaction |
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Term
Unconscious Influences on Emotion:
1. Mere Exposure Effect
2. Facial Feedback Hypothesis |
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Definition
1. The more exposure to a stimulus, the more likely you favor it
2. Facial movement can influence emotional experience; blood vessels in face feed back temperature information in the brain, altering our emotions |
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Term
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Definition
Pinocchio response- perfect physiological or behavioral indicators of lying
Voice stress analysis detects stress in voices
Polygraphs aren't fully reliable, measures arousal not lies |
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Term
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Definition
Not good at forecasting happiness because
1. Durability Bias- belief that both our good and bad moods will be longer than they do, we adjust to our baseline of happiness faster than we think
2. Hedonic Treadmill- tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances |
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Term
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Definition
| Drive reduction: certain drives, like hunger and sexual frustration, motivates us to act in ways that ensures survival and reproduction |
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Term
| Twin and Adoption Studies |
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Definition
Twin- Personality traits are often influenced by genetic factors so identical twins reared apart and had similar personality traits; shared environment plays little role in adult personality, but it does in childhood
Adoption- Adopted kids' personalities are more like their biological parents' than their adopted parents'. |
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Term
| 3 core assumptions of psychoanalytic theory |
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Definition
1. Psychic Determinism- the assumption that all psychological events have a cause
2. Symbolic Meaning- no matter is meaningless
3. Unconscious Motivation- We rarely understand why we do what we do but are fast to come up with explanations after our actions |
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Term
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Definition
Id- the source of our most primitive impulses including sex and aggression (tendency to strive for immediate gratification)
Ego-psyche's executive decision maker (tendency to postpone gratification)
Superego- Our sense of morality
All of these agencies interact or clash |
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Term
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Definition
unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety
Ego engages in defense mechanisms |
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Term
| Psychosexual Development Stages |
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Definition
1. Oral Stage- birth to 18 months, focuses on mouth, sucking and drinking
2. Anal stage- 18 months to 3 years, focuses on potty training
3. Phallic stage- 3 to 6 years, focuses on genitals
4. Latency stage- 6 to 12 years, sexual impulses submerged into subconscious
5. Genital stage- sexual impulses awaken and typically mature attraction to others |
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Term
| 5 Major Criticisms of Psychoanalytic Theory |
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Definition
| 1. Falsifiability 2. Failed Predictions 3. Questionable conception of the unconscious 4. Reliance on unrepresentative samples 5. Flawed assumption of shared environmental influence |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency for people to mutually influence each other's behavior |
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Term
Self-actualization- what is it?
what role does it play in humanistic models of personality? |
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Definition
-drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent
-Carl Rogers believed that this was key to reaching our full potential for emotional fulfillment but society doesn't allow it |
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Term
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Definition
5 traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures
1. extraversion- tend to be social and lively
2. neuroticism- tense and moody
3. agreeableness- social and easy to get along with
4. conscientiousness- careful and responsible
5. openness- curious |
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Term
| Structured Personality Tests v. Projective Tests |
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Definition
SPT- paper and pencil, consists of questions that respondents answer in one of a few fixed ways
PT- test consists of ambiguous stimuli that examines project aspects of their personality onto their stimulus |
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Term
| Pitfalls of Personality Assessment |
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Definition
| P.T. Barnum Effect- tendency to accept descriptions that apply to almost everyone as applying specifically to them |
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Term
| Criteria for Identifying Mental Illness |
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Definition
| 1. Statistical rarity 2. Subjective distress 3. Impairment 4. Social disapproval 5. Biological dysfunction |
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Term
| Somatic Symptom Disorder (anxiety disorder) |
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Definition
| condition marked by excessive anxiety about physical symptoms with a medical or purely psychological origin |
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Term
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Definition
| condition marked by intense preoccupation with the possibility of a serious undiagnosed illness |
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Term
| Generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
| continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension and irritability across many areas of life functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| repeated and unexpected panic attacks |
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Term
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Definition
| Intense fear of an object or a situation that's greatly out of proportion to it's actually threat |
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Term
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Definition
OCD, Tourette's, etc.
repetitive behavior or mental act performed to reduce stress |
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Term
| Major Depressive Disorder v. Bipolar Disorder |
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Definition
MDD- state which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities. Symptoms: weight loss and sleep difficulties
Bipolar Disorder- condition marked by a history of it least 1 manic episode (dramatically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self-esteem and increase talkative and irresponsible behavior)
Both decrease sleep however BD has episodes of elevated happiness and sadness |
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Term
| Major Risk Factors for Suicide |
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Definition
11th leading cause of death
depression and bipolar diseases are associated with more suicide |
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Term
| Borderline Personality Disorder v. Psychopathic Personality |
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Definition
Borderline- condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity and impulse control
Psychopathic- condition marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self-centeredness and risk taking |
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Term
| Symptoms of Dissociative Disorders |
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Definition
| loss of memory, amnesia of their life, episodes of depersonalization |
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Term
| 4 Major Symptoms for Schizophrenia |
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Definition
| 1. Delusions 2. Hallucinations 3. Disorganized Speech 4. Disorganized Behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| perspective proposing that mental disorders are a joint production of a genetic vulnerability called a diathesis and stressors that trigger this vulnerability |
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Term
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Definition
1. Brain abnormalities
2. Neurotransmitter differences
3. Genetic influences |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behavior when they are stripped of their usual identities (factors play a role ex: anonymity or lack of responsibility) |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by individual group members |
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Term
| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
| tendency to attribute others' actions to their personality, less likely to do this if we have been in the same situation |
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Term
Social Contagion
Social Facilitation
Social Disruption
Social Loafing |
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Definition
-looking at others when we don't know what to do
-enhancement of performance b/c of presence of others
-hinder in performance b/c of presence of others
-Individuals become less productive in groups (diffusion of responsibility) |
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Term
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Definition
| If in a crowd people assume someone else will be the "hero" while they bystander an incident happening |
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Term
| Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
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Definition
| unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting in two conflicting thoughts or beliefs |
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Term
Routes of Persuasion
Persuasion Techniques |
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Definition
Routes: 1. Central route- focus on the informational content of the argument 2. Peripheral route- focus on the surface aspects of the argument
Techniques: 1. Foot-in-the-Door- start with small request before a bigger request 2. Door-in-the-Face technique- start with an unreasonably large request before making a smaller when that you initially wanted 3. Low-Ball- seller of a product starts with a low price but slowly mentions add-on costs 4. "But-You-Are-Free"- convince someone to do something by telling them they don't have to do it |
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Term
| Prejudice v. Stereotypes v. Discrimination |
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Definition
Prejudice- drawing of negative conclusions about a person or group of people prior to evaluating the evidence
Stereotype- a belief (pos or neg) about traits of members of a group that is applied to the general population of the group
Discrimination- negative behavior toward members of out-groups |
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Term
| Core beliefs of psychodynamic therapists |
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Definition
| 1. Change interpretation of events 2. Identify and critically evaluate learned cognitive distortions 3. Often give homework |
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Term
| Key Ingredients of Psychoanalysis |
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Definition
1. Free association-clients express themselves w/o censorship
2. Interpretation- therapists give explanations of the unconscious bases
3. Dream Analysis- connect dreams to life
4. Resistance- attempts to avoid confrontation and anxiety associated with repressed thoughts or emotions
5. Transference- act of projecting intense, unrealistic feelings and expectations from the past onto the therapist
6. Working through- help process problems |
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Term
| Neo-Freudian approaches to psychotherapy |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 Effective Humanistic Therapies |
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Definition
1. Person-Centered Therapy- therapy centering on the client's goals and ways of solving problems
2. Gestalt Therapy- therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self |
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Term
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Definition
| Treats more than 1 person at a time (3-20 people) |
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Term
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Definition
| Distance between groups in society; willingness to accept others in out-groups |
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Term
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Definition
| Showing signs of deception through body and facial gestures |
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Term
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Definition
| Transformation of unwanted impulses into something less harmful; behaviors unconsciously alter due to social norms |
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Term
| Objective Personality Test |
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Definition
| Personality test not subjected to bias from the test subject or the tester |
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Term
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Definition
| Anxiety/Fear of going places or being in situations that present as harmful to the person with this disorder |
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Term
| Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies |
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Definition
Good for anxiety, phobias and mood disorders
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Term
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Definition
| Sudden disappearance of a disease or disorder, "magically" get better |
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Term
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Definition
| Mentality: "Everyone not like me is similar to each other whereas I and my group of people are diverse" |
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