Shared Flashcard Set

Details

psych 100 ch. 13
psych 100 ch. 13
160
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
11/29/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
approaches that assume that personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness and over which they have no control
Definition
psychodynamic approaches to personality
Term
Freudian theory that unconscious forces act as determinants of personality
Definition
psychoanalytic theory
Term
a part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware.
Definition
unconscious
Term
the raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses.
Definition
id
Term
the part of the personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world.
Definition
ego
Term
according to freud, the final personality structure to develop; it represents the rights and wrongs of society as handed down by a persons parents, teachers, and other important figures.
Definition
superego
Term
developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges
Definition
psychosexual stages
Term
fixations
Definition
conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur.
Term
what are the 5 stages of psychosexual development
Definition
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Term
according to freud, a stage from birth to age 12-18 months in which an infants center of pleasure is the mouth
Definition
oral stage
Term
according to freud, a stage from 12-18 months to 3 years of age, in which a childs pleasure is centered on the anus
Definition
anal stage
Term
according to freud, a period beginning around age 3 during which a childs pleasure focuses on the genitals.
Definition
phallic stage
Term
a childs sexual interest in his or her opposite sex parent, typically resolved through identification with the same sex parent
Definition
oedipal complex
Term
the process of wanting to be like another person as much as possible, imitating that persons behavior and adopting similar beliefs and values.
Definition
identification
Term
according to freud, the period between the phallic stage and puberty during which childrens sexual concerns are put aside.
Definition
latency period
Term
according to freud, the period from puberty until death, marked by mature sexual behavior (that is, sexual intercourse)
Definition
genital stage
Term
In Freudian theory, unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by concealing the source of it from themselves and others.
Definition
defense mechanisms
Term
the primary defense mechanism in which unacceptable or unpleasant id impulses are pushed back into the unconscious.
Definition
repression
Term
people behave as if they were at an earlier stage of development
Definition
regression
Term
the expression of an unwanted feeling or thought is redirected from a more threatening powerful person to a weaker one.
Definition
displacement
Term
people provide self-justifying explanations in place of the actual, but threatening, reason for their behavior
Definition
rationalization
Term
people refuse to accept or acknowledge an anxiety-producing piece of information
Definition
denial
Term
people attribute unwanted impulses and feeling to someone else
Definition
projection
Term
people divert unwanted impulses into socially approved thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.
Definition
sublimation
Term
unconscious impulses are expressed as their opposite in consciousness
Definition
reaction formation
Term
psycho-analysts who were trained in traditional Freudian theory but who later rejected some of its major points
Definition
non-Freudian psychoanalysts
Term
according to Jung, a common set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols that we inherit from our ancestors, the whole human race, and even animal ancestors from the distant past.
Definition
collective unconscious
Term
according to jung, universal symbolic representations of a particular person, object, or experience (such as good or evil)
Definition
archetypes
Term
according to adler, a problem affecting adults who have not been able to overcome the feelings of inferiority that they have developed as children, when they were small and limited in their knowledge about the world
Definition
inferiority complex
Term
a model of personality that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality
Definition
trait theory
Term
consistent personality characteristics and behaviors displayed in different situations
Definition
traits
Term
theories that emphasize the influence of a persons cognitions - thoughts, feelings, expectations, and values - as well as observation of others behavior, in determining personality
Definition
social cognitive approaches to personality
Term
belief in ones personal capabilities. It underlies poeples faith in their ability to carry out a particular behavior or produce a desired outcome
Definition
self-efficacy
Term
the component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluations
Definition
self-esteem
Term
theories that suggest that important components of personality are inherited
Definition
biological and evolutionary approaches to personality
Term
the innate disposition that emerges early in life
Definition
temperament
Term
theories that emphasize peoples innate goodness and desire to achieve higher levels of functioning.
Definition
humanistic approaches to personality
Term
a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential, each in a unique way
Definition
self-actualization
Term
an attitude of acceptance and respect on the part of an observer, no matter what a person says or does.
Definition
unconditional positive regard
Term
standard measures devised to assess behavior objectively; used by psychologists to help people make decisions about their lives and understand more about themselves
Definition
psychological tests
Term
a method of gathering data about people by asking them questions about a sample of their behavior
Definition
self-report measures
Term
a widely used self-report test that identifies people with psychological difficulties and is employed to predict some everyday behaviors
Definition
MMPI-2
Term
a technique used to validate questions in personality tests by studying the responses of people with known diagnoses
Definition
test standardization
Term
a test in which a person is shown an ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe it or tell a story about it.
Definition
projective personality test
Term
a test that involves showing a series of symmetrical visual stimuli to people who then are asked what the figures represent to them.
Definition
rorschach test
Term
a test consisting of a series of pictures about which a person is asked to write a story.
Definition
thematic apperception test
Term
direct measures of an individuals behavior used to describe personality characteristics
Definition
behavioral assessment
Term
distinctive and stable pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterize an individual
Definition
personality
Term
according to the trait approach, this is the single characteristic that influences about everything you do.
Definition
cardinal trait
Term
according to trait approach, these are the 5-10 traits that best describe you.
Definition
central traits
Term
according to Freud, this is the part of you that wants whatever you want, it follows the pleasure principle, and wants immediate gratification
Definition
Id
Term
this develops out of the id, it trys to satisfy the demands of the id but in a way that will minimize pain, or satisfy reality.
Definition
ego
Term
this develops around 5-6 years of age, first represents approval of parents, has two parts 1) conscious 2) egoideal
Definition
superego
Term
conscious (as part of the superego)
Definition
internal mechanism which can make you feel guilt
Term
egoideal (as part of the superego)
Definition
part of you that strives for perfection
Term
behavior that causes people to experience distress and prevents them from functioning in their daily lives
Definition
abnormal behavior
Term
the perspective that suggests that when an individual displays symptoms of abnormal behavior, the root cause will be found in a physical examination of the individual, which may reveal a hormone imbalance, a chemical deficiency, or a brain injury
Definition
medical perspective
Term
assumes that physiological causes are at the root of psychological disorders
Definition
medical perspective
Term
argues that psychological disorders stem from childhood conflicts
Definition
psychoanalytic perspective
Term
assumes that abnormal behaviors are learned responses
Definition
behavioral perspective
Term
assumes that peoples thoughts and beliefs are central to their psycological disorders
Definition
cognitive perspective
Term
emphasizes peoples responsibility for their own behavior and their need to self actualize
Definition
humanistic perspective
Term
assumes that behavior is shaped by family, society, and culture
Definition
sociocultural
Term
the perspective that looks at the behavior itself as the problem
Definition
behavioral perspective
Term
the perspective that suggests that abnormal behavior stems from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression
Definition
psychoanalytic perspective
Term
the perspective that suggest that peoples thoughts and beliefs are a central component of abnormal behavior
Definition
cognitive perspective
Term
the perspective that emphasizes the responsibility people have for their own behavior, even when such behavior is abnormal
Definition
humanistic perspective
Term
the perspective that assumes that peoples behavior, both normal and abnormal, is shaped by the kind of family, group, society, and culture in which they live
Definition
sociocultural perspective
Term
a system devised by the APA, used by most professionals to diagnose and classify abnormal behavior
Definition
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, DSM-IV-TR
Term
the occurrence of anxiety without an obvious external cause that affects daily functioning
Definition
anxiety disorder
Term
Intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations
Definition
phobias
Term
anxiety disorder that takes the form of panic attacks lasting from a few seconds to several hours
Definition
panic disorder
Term
the experience of long-term, persistant anxiety and worry
Definition
generalized anxiety disorder
Term
a disorder characterized by obsessions or compulsions
Definition
OCD
Term
a persistant, unwanted thought or idea that keeps recurring
Definition
obsession
Term
an irresistible urge to repeatedly carry out some act that seems strange and unreasonable
Definition
compulsion
Term
psychological difficulties that take on a physical form, but which there is no medical cause
Definition
somatoform disorders
Term
a disorder in which people have a constant fear of illness and a preoccupation with their health
Definition
hypochondriasis
Term
a major somatoform disorder that involves an actual physical disturbance, such as the inability to use a sensory organ or the complete or partial inability to move an arm or leg.
Definition
conversion disorder
Term
psychological dysfunctions characterized by the seperation of different facets of a persons personality that are normally integration
Definition
dissociative disorders
Term
a disorder in which a person displays characteristics of two or more distinct personalities
Definition
dissociative identity disorder
Term
a disorder in which a significant, selective memory loss occurs
Definition
dissociative amnesia
Term
a form of amnesia in which the individual leaves home and sometimes assumes a new identity
Definition
dissociative fugue
Term
a disturbance in emotional experience that is strong enough to intrude on everyday living
Definition
mood disorder
Term
a sever form of depression that interferes with concentration, decision making, and sociability
Definition
major depression
Term
a disorder in which a person alternates between periods of euphoric feelings of mania and periods of depression
Definition
bipolar disorder
Term
an extended state of intense, wild elation
Definition
mania
Term
a class of disorders in which severe distortion of reality occurs
Definition
schizophrenia
Term
a disorder characterized by a set of inflexible, maladaptive behavior patterns that keep a person from functioning appropriately in society
Definition
personality disorder
Term
a disorder in which individuals show no regard for the moral and ethical rules of society or the rights of others
Definition
antisocial personality disorder
Term
a disorder in which individuals have difficulty developing a secure sense of who they are
Definition
borderline personality disorder
Term
a personality disturbance characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance
Definition
narcissitic personality disorder
Term
a disorder marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and a great deal of inappropriate activity
Definition
ADHD
Term
a severe developmental disability that impairs childrens ability to communicate and relate to others
Definition
autism
Term
treatment in which a trained professional, a therapist, uses psychological techniques to help a person overcome psychological difficulties and disorders, resolve problems in living, or bring about personal growth
Definition
psychotherapy
Term
therapy that relies on drugs and other medical procedures to improve psychological functioning
Definition
biomedical therapy
Term
therapy that seeks to bring unresolved past conflicts and unacceptable impulses from the unconscious into the conscious, where patients may deal with the problems more effectively
Definition
psychodynamic therapy
Term
freudian psychotherapy in which the goal is to release hidden unconscious thoughts and feelings in order to reduce their power in controlling behavior
Definition
psychoanalysis
Term
the transfer of feelings to a psychoanalyst of love or anger that had been originally directed to a patients parents or authority figures
Definition
transference
Term
treatment approaches that build on the basic processes of learning, such as reinforcement and extinction, and assume that normal and abnormal behavior are both learned
Definition
behavioral treatment approaches
Term
a form of therapy that reduces the frequency of undesired behavior by pairing an aversive, unpleasant stimulus with undesired behavior
Definition
aversive conditioning
Term
a behavioral technique in which gradual exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus is paired with relaxation to extinguish the response of anxiety
Definition
systematic desensitization
Term
a behavioral treatment for anxiety in which people are confronted, either suddenly or gradually, with a stimulus that they fear
Definition
exposure
Term
a form of treatment in which the focus is on getting people to accept who they are regardless of whether it matches their ideal
Definition
dialectical behavior therapy
Term
treatment approaches that teach people to think in more adaptive ways by changing their dysfunctional thoughts about the world and themselves
Definition
cognitive treatment approaches
Term
a treatment approach that incorporates basic principles of learning to change the way people think
Definition
cognitive-behavioral approach
Term
a form of therapy that attempts to restructure a persons belief system into a more realistic, rational, and logical set of views by challenging dysfunctional beliefs that maintain irrational behavior
Definition
rational-emotive therapy
Term
therapy in which the underlying rationale is that people have control of their behavior, can make choices about their lives, and are essentially responsible for solving their own problems.
Definition
humanistic therapy
Term
therapy in which the goal is to reach one s potential for self-actualization.
Definition
person-centered therapy
Term
short term therapy that focuses on the context of current social relationships
Definition
interpersonal therapy
Term
therapy in which people meet in a group with a therapist to discuss problems
Definition
group therapy
Term
an approach that focuses on the family and its dynamics
Definition
family therapy
Term
recovery without treatment
Definition
spontaneous remission
Term
control of psychological disorders through the use of drugs
Definition
drug therapy
Term
drugs that temporarily reduce psychotic symptoms such as agitation, hallucinations, and delusions
Definition
antipsychotic drugs
Term
medications that improve a severely depressed patients mood and feeling of well-being
Definition
antidepressant drugs
Term
drugs used to treat mood disorders that prevent manic episodes of bipolar disorder
Definition
mood stabilizers
Term
drugs that reduce the level of anxiety a person experiences essentially by reducing excitability and increasing feelings of well-being
Definition
anti-anxiety drugs
Term
a procedure used in the treatment of severe depression in which an electric current of 70-150 volts is briefly administered to a patients head
Definition
electroconvulsive therapy
Term
a depression treatment in which a precise magnetic pulse is directed to a specific area of the brain
Definition
transcranial magnetic stimulation
Term
brain surgery once used to reduce the symptoms of mental disorder but rarely used today
Definition
psychosurgery
Term
a branch of psychology that focuses on the prevention and minimization of psychological disorders in the community
Definition
community psychology
Term
the transfer of former mental patients from institutions to the community
Definition
deinstitutionalization
Term
an individuals characteristic patter of thinking, feeling, and acting
Definition
personality
Term
what are the 5 stages of psychosexual development
Definition
1. oral
2. anal: starts around 2
3. phallic: starts around 3, most important stage
4. latency: 6-puberty
5. genital
Term
state maslows hierarchy of needs
Definition
1. physiological
2. safety
3. love
4. esteem
5. self-actualization
Term
psychological approach that deals with classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning
Definition
learning approach
Term
says that everyone has 5-10 central traits and at least one cardinal trait that defines them
Definition
trait approach
Term
what are the big 5
Definition
conscientiousness
agreeableness
neuroticism
openness
extraversion
Term
the part of you that wants whatever you want and wants immediate gratification
Definition
the id
Term
trys to satisfy the demands of the id, but in a way that will minimize pain or satisfy reality
Definition
ego
Term
develops around 5-6 years of age, first represents approval of parents, has two parts 1) conscious 2) ego ideal
Definition
superego
Term
internal mechanism which can make you feel guilt
Definition
conscious
Term
part of you that strives for perfection
Definition
ego ideal
Term
3 categories of phobic disorders
Definition
1) specific: such as lightning
2) social: irrational fear of doing something that will embarass you
3) agoraphobia: fear of the market place, open spaces, or going out.
Term
2 different types of panic disorders
Definition
1) pd w/ agoraphobia : frequently occurs this way
2) pd w/out agoraphobia
Term
neurotransmitter associated with anxiety disorders
Definition
GABA
Term
neurotransmitters associated with mood disorders
Definition
serotonin and norepinephrine
Term
neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia
Definition
dopamine
Term
verbal interactions between therapist and client, enhances clients self-knowledge, promotes healthful change
Definition
insight therapy
Term
ABC model in rational emotive therapy
Definition
1. activating event
2. beliefs about event
3. consequences - emotional
Term
used with people with ocd, you expose a person to the stimulus that leads to the behavior, but you prevent them from the behavior, used in increments
Definition
exposure and response prevention
Term
used to cure phobias; tries to undo pairing between stimulus and fear; make a fear hierarchy and the therapist will move up hierarchy with patient
Definition
systematic desensitization
Term
patient is presented with feared object in a safe environment until anxiety goes down
Definition
flooding
Term
rather than focusing on the minds structure, it concentrated on what the mind does and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments.
Definition
functionalism
Term
focusis on uncovering the fundamental mental components of consciousness,thinking, and other kinds of mental states and activities
Definition
structuralism
Term
the idea that peoples behavior is produced primarily by factors outside of their willful control
Definition
determinism
Term
humanistic perspective deals with ____
Definition
free will vs. determination
Term
the approach that suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior
Definition
humanistic perspective
Term
the approach that focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world
Definition
cognitive perspective
Term
the approach that suggests that observable,measurable behavior should be the focus of the study.
Definition
behavoral perspective
Term
the approach based on the view that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which the individual has little control
Definition
psychodynamic perspective
Term
1. define the problem
2. formulate hypothesis
3. design study and test hypothesis
4. analyze, interpret findings, draw conclustions
5. report findings
Definition
scientific method
Term
broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest
Definition
theories
Term
a prediction, stemming from a theory, stated in a way that allows it to be tested
Definition
hypothesis
Term
a hypothesis will incorporate ___ variables
Definition
two or more
Term
measureable condition, event, or any characteristic that is controlled or observed in a study. must fluctuate
Definition
variable
Term
drugs that treat schizophrenia
Definition
thorazine and clozapine
Term
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Definition
SSRIs
Term
inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin
Definition
tricyclics
Supporting users have an ad free experience!