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Definition
| An event that an organism will seek out |
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| An event that an organism will avoid |
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| The normal frequency of a behavior before some intervention |
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| A descriptive research approach that involves intensive examination of one or a few individuals |
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| Changing-Criterion Design |
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Definition
| A type of single-subject design in which that effect of the treatment is demonstrated by how closely the behavior matches criterion that is systematically altered |
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Definition
| A type of control group design in which different species constitute one of the independent variables |
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| A predictive relationship between two events such that the occurance of one event predicts the probable occurance of the other |
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Definition
| A type of experiment in which, at its simplest, subjects are randomly assigned to eitehr an experimental (or treatment) group or a control group; subjects assigned to the experimental group are exposed to a certain manipulation or treatment, while those assigned to the control group are not |
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| Behavior that can be subjectively perceived only by the person performing the behavior. Thoughts and feelings are covert behaviors. Also known as private events or private behavior |
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| A device that measures total number of responses over time and provides a graphic descriptionof the rate of behavior |
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Definition
| That aspect of an experiment that is allowed to freely vary to determine if it is affected by changes in the independent variable |
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| The prolonged absence of an event that tends to increase the appetitiveness of that event |
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| Research that focuses on describing the behavior and the situation within which it occurs |
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| The length of time that an individual repeatedly or continuously performs a certain behavior |
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Definition
| A procedure that affects the appetitiveness or aversiveness of a stimulus |
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Definition
| The relationship between changes in an independent variable and the changes in a dependent variable; a cause-and-effect relationship |
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Definition
| That aspect of an experiment that is made to systematically vary across the different conditions in an experiment |
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Definition
| The force or magnitude of a behavior |
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Definition
| The measurement of whether or not a behavior occurs within a series of continuous intervals. (Note that the number of times that the behavior occurs within each interval is irrelevant) |
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| The length of time required for a behavior to begin |
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Definition
| A type of single-subject design in which a treatment is instituted at successive points in time for two or more persons, settings, or behaviors |
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| A descriptive research approach that involves the systematic observation and recording of behavior in its natural environment. |
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| Behavior that has the potential for being directly observed by an individual other than the one performing the behavior. |
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| The frequency with which a response occurs in a certain period of time. |
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| A particular instance of a behavior. |
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Definition
| A type of single-subject design that involves repeated alternations between a baseline period and a treatment period. |
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Definition
| The prolonged exposure to (or consumption of) an event that tends to decrease the appetitveness of that event. |
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Definition
| A type of single-subject design in which behavior in a baseline condition is compared to behavior in a treatment condition. |
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Definition
| A research design that requires only one or a few subjects in order to conduct an entire experiment. Also known as single-case or small n designs. |
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| The extent to which events are situated close to each other in space. |
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Definition
| The amount of time required to perform a complete episode of a behavior from start to finish. |
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| Any event that can potentially influence behavior. Plural: stimuli |
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Definition
| The extent to which events occur close together in time. |
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Definition
| The measurement of whether or not a behavior occurs within a series of discontinuous intervals. (The number of times that it occurs within each interval is irrelevant). |
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| The physical form of a behavior |
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Definition
| A characteristic of a person, place, or thing that can change over time or from one situation to another. |
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Definition
| Occurs before the aversive stimulus is presented and thereby prevents its delivery |
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Definition
| Reinforcers that have been deliberately arranged to modify a behavior; they are not a typical consequence of the behavior in that setting. Also called artificial reinforcers. |
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Term
| Discriminative stimulus (SD) |
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Definition
| A stimulus in the presence of which response are reinforced and in the absence of which they are not reinforced; that is, a stimulus that signals the availability of reinforcement. |
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| Discriminative stimulus for extinction (SΔ) |
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Definition
| A stimulus that signals the absence of reinforcement |
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Term
| Discriminative stimulus for punishment (SDp) |
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Definition
| A stimulus that signals that a response will be punished |
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Definition
| A behavior that results in the termination of an aversive stimulus |
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Definition
| The reinforcement provided by a consequence that is external to the behavior, that is, an extrinsic reinforcer |
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Term
| Generalized (or generalized secondary) reinforcer |
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Definition
| A type of secondary reinforcer that has been associated with several other reinforcers |
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Term
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Definition
| Reinforcement provided by the mere act of performing the behavior; the performance of the behavior is inherently reinforcing |
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Term
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Definition
| As stated by Thorndike, the proposition that behaviors that lead to a satisfying state of affairs are strengthened or "stamped in," while behaviors that lead to an unsatisfying or annoying state of affairs are weakened or "stamped out." |
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Definition
| Conditioning procedure in which the US is an event that an organism approaches or seeks out. |
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Definition
| Conditioning procedure in which the US is an event that an organism avoids. |
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Definition
| Conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS follows the onset of the US. |
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Definition
| A process whereby one stimulus that does not elicit a certain response is associated with a second stimulus that does; as a result, the first stimulus also comes to elicit a response. |
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Term
| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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Definition
| The response, often similar to the unconditioned response, that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus. |
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Term
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| Any stimulus that, although initially neutral, comes to elicit a response because it has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus. |
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Definition
| Conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS precedes the onset of the US, and the two stimuli overlap. |
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Definition
| The reappearance of a habituated response to a stimulus following the presentation of another, seemingly irrelevant novel stimulus. |
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Definition
| Conditioning procedure in which the NS is associated with the presentation of a US. |
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Definition
| A fixed sequence of responses elicited by a specific stimulus. |
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Definition
| The automatic response of jerking one's hand or foot away from a hot or sharp object. |
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Definition
| A decrease in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus. |
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Definition
| Conditioning procedure in which the NS is associated with the absence or removal of a US. |
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Term
| Applied Behavior Analysis |
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Definition
| A technology of behavior in which basic principles of behavior are applied to solving real-world issues. |
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Definition
| Any activity of an organism that can be observed or somehow measured. |
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Definition
| The behavioral science that grew out of Skinner's philosophy of radical behaviorism. |
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Definition
| A natural science approach to psychology that traditionally focuses on the study of environmental influences on observable behavior. |
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Definition
| A philosophical school of thought which maintains that almost all knowledge is a function of experience. |
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Definition
| A brand of behaviorism that utilizes intervening variables, usually in the form of hypothesized cognitive processes, to help explain behavior. Sometimes called "purposive behaviorism." |
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Definition
| The mental representation of one's spatial surroundings. |
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Definition
| The deliberate manipulation of environmental events to alter their impact on our behavior. |
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Definition
| In psychology, the assumption that behavior patterns are mostly learned rather than inherited. |
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Definition
| An inherited trait (physical or behavioral) that has been shaped through natural selection. |
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Definition
| An approach to psychology which proposes that the mind evolved to help us adapt to the world around us, and that the focus of psychology should be the study of those adaptive processes. |
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Definition
| The attempt to accurately describe one's conscious thoughts, emotions, and sensory experiences. |
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Definition
| Learning that occurs in the absence of any observable indication of learning and only becomes apparent under a different set of conditions. |
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Definition
| A law of association, according to which events that occur in close proximity to each other in time or space are readily associated with each other. |
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Definition
| A law of association, according to which events that are opposite from each other are readily associated with each other. |
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Definition
| A law of association, according to which the more frequently two items occur together, the more strongly they are associated with each other. |
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Definition
| The assumption that simpler explanations for a phenomenon are generally preferable to more complex explanation. |
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Definition
| A law of association, according to which events that are similar to each other are readily associated with each other. |
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Definition
| A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from some type of experience. |
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Term
| Methodological Behaviorism |
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Definition
| A brand of behaviorism which asserts that, for methodological reasons, psychologists should study only those behaviors that can be directly observed. |
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Definition
| Descartes' philosophical assumption that some human behaviors are bodily reflexes that are automatically elicited by external stimulation, while other behaviors are freely chosen and controlled by the mind. |
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Definition
| A theory proposing that an emotional event elicits two competing processes: (1) an a-process (or primary process) directly elicited by the event, and (2) a b-process (or opponent process) that is elicited by the a-process and serves to counteract the a-process. |
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Definition
| The automatic positioning of oneself to facilitate attending to a stimulus. |
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Definition
| A relatively simple, involuntary response to a stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neural structure that underlies many reflexes and consists of a sensory neuron, and interneuron, and a motor neuron. |
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Definition
| An increase in the strength of an elicited response following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus. |
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Term
| Sign Stimulus (or Releaser) |
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Definition
| A specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern. |
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Term
| Simultaneous Conditioning |
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Definition
| Conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS and the onset of US are simultaneous. |
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Definition
| A defensive reaction to a sudden, unexpected stimulus, which involves automatic tightening of skeletal muscles and various hormonal and visceral changes. |
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Definition
| Conditioning procedure in which the onset and offset of the NS precede the onset of the US. |
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Term
| Unconditioned Response (UR) |
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Definition
| The response that is naturally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. |
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Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
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Definition
| A stimulus that naturally elicits a response without any prior learning. |
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Definition
| A form of behavior therapy that attempts to reduce the attractivenss of a desired event by associating it with an aversive stimulus |
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Term
| Compensatory-Response Model |
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Definition
| A model of conditioning in which a CS that has been repeatedly associated with the primary response (a-process) to a US will eventually come to elicit a compensatory response (b-process) |
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Definition
| The procedure whereby a CS that elicits one type of response is associated with an event that elicits an incompatible response |
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Definition
| A behavioral treatment for phobias that involves prolonged exposure to a fear stimulus, thereby providing maximal opportunity for the conditioned fear response to be extingiuished |
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Definition
| The strengthening of a conditioned fear response as a result of brief exposure to the aversive CS |
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Term
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Definition
| the decrease in the conditioned response that occurs when two seperately conditioned CSs are combined into a compound stimulus for further parings with the US |
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Definition
| Reinforcers that are naturally provided for a certain behavior; that is, they are a typical consequence of the behavior within that setting. |
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Term
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Definition
| The removal of a stimulus (one that is usually considered pleasent or rewarding) following a response, which then leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response. |
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Term
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Definition
| The removal of a stimulus (one that is usually considered unpleasent or aversive) following a response, which then leads to an increase in the future strength of that response. |
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Definition
| A class of emitted responses that result in certain consequences; these consequences, in turn, affect the future probability or strength of those responses. |
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Definition
| A type of learning in which the future probability of a behavior is affected by the consequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| The presentation of a stimulus (one that is usually considered unpleasant or aversive) following a response, which then leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response. |
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Term
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Definition
| The presentation of a stimulus (one that is usually considered pleasant or rewarding) following a response, which then leads to an increase in the future strength of that response. |
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Definition
| An event that is innately reinforcing. |
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Term
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Definition
| An even that (1) follows a behavior and (2) decreases the future probability of that behavior. |
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Definition
| An event that: (1) follows a behavior and (2) increases the future probability of that behavior |
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Definition
| An event that is reinforcing because it has been associated with some other reinforcer. |
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Definition
| The gradual creation of new operant ehavior through reinforcement of successive approximations of that behavior. |
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Definition
| The relationshipi between a discriminative stimulus, an operant behavior, and a reinforcer or punisher. |
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Definition
| A scedule in wich the response requirement changes as a function of the oragnisms performance while responding for the previous reinforcer. |
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Term
Behavioral bliss point approach
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Definition
| The theory that an organism with free access to alternave activities will distribute its bhavior in such a way as to maximize overall reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| A scedule consisting of a sequence of two or more simple scedules, each with its own Sd and the last of which results in a terminal reinforcer. |
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Term
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Definition
| a schedule consisting of a combination of two or more simple schedules. |
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Definition
| a type of complex schedule in which the requirements of two or more simple scedules must be met before a reinforcer is delivered. |
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Term
Continuous reinforcement scedule |
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Definition
| a scedule in which each specified response is reinforced. |
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Term
Differential reinforcement of high rates ( DRH ) |
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Definition
| a scedule in which reinforcement is contingent upon emitting at least a certain number of responses in a certain period of time, or more generally, reinforcement is provided for responding at a fast rate. |
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Term
Differential reinforcement of low rates ( DRL) |
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Definition
| a schedule in which a minimum amount of time must pass between each response before the reinforcer will be delivered, or more generally, reinfrocement is provided for responding at a slow rate. |
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Term
Differential reinforcement of paced responding (DRP) |
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Definition
| a schedule in which reinforcement is contengent upon emitting a series of responses at a set rate, or, more generally, reinforcement is provided for responding neither too fast nor too slow. |
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Term
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Definition
| according to this theory, an event is reinforcing to the extent that it is associated with a reduction in some type of physiological drive. |
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Term
Fixed duration schedule (FD) |
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Definition
| a schedule in which reinforcement is contingent upon continuous performance of a behavior for a fixed, preditable period of time. |
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Term
Fixed Interval schedule (FI) |
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Definition
| a schedule in which reinforcement is contingent upon the first response after a fixed, predictable period of time. |
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Term
Fixed ratio schedule (FR) |
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Definition
| a schedule in which reinforcement is contingent upon a fixed, predictable number of responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| a schedule in whichthe reinforcer is delivered following a fixed, predictable period of time, regardless of the organism's behavior. |
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Term
| Premack Principle of Punishment |
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Definition
| A low-probability behavior (LPB) can be used to punish a high-probability behavior (HPB) |
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Term
| Primary (or unconditioned) punisher |
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Definition
| Any event that is inately punishing |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of negative punishment involving the removal of a specific reinforcer following the occurance of a behavior |
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| Secondary (or conditioned) punisher |
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Definition
| An event that has become punishing becaus it has in the past been associated with some other punisher |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of negative punishment involving the loss of the access to positive reinforcers for a brief period of time following the occurance of a problem behavior |
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Term
| Two-process theory of avoidance |
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Definition
| The theory that avoidance behavior is the result of two distinct processes. 1) classical conditioning, in which a fear responerse came to be elicited by a CS , and 2) operant conditioning, in whichmoving away from the CS is nagatively reinforced by a reduction of fear |
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Definition
| Assumption that people's characteristics are inborn |
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Definition
| Evolutionary principle according to which organisms better able to adapt are also better able to reproduce and pass on adaptive characteristics |
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Definition
| A brand of behaviorism that utilizes intervening variables in the form of physiological processes |
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Definition
| Emphasizes the influences of the envioronment on overt behavior |
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Definition
| Assumption that the environment, behavior and person variables influence each other |
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Definition
| Emphasizes the role of observational learning and cognition in learning |
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Definition
| Emphasizes a connection between a stimulus and a response |
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Definition
| Assumes that it possible to determine the structure of the mind by examining its elements |
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