Term
|
Definition
| A positive, negative, or mixed reaction to a person, object, or idea. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A multiple item questionnaire designed to measure a person’s attitude toward some subject. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A phony lie-detector device that is sometimes used to get respondents to give truthful answers to sensitive questions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An electrical instrument that records facial muscle activity associated with emotions and attitudes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An attitude-such as prejudice-that one is not aware of having |
|
|
Term
| Implicit Association Test |
|
Definition
| A covert measure of unconscious attitudes, it is derived from the speed at which people respond to pairing of concepts-such as blacks or whites with good or bad |
|
|
Term
| Theory of planned behavior |
|
Definition
| The theory that attitudes toward a specific behavior combine with subjective norms and perceived control to influence a person’s action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which attitudes are changed |
|
|
Term
| Central route to persuasion- |
|
Definition
| The process by which a person thinks carefully about a communication and is influenced by the strength of its arguments |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral route to persuasion |
|
Definition
| The process by which a person does not think carefully about a communication and is influenced instead by superficial cues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of thinking about and scrutinizing the arguments contained in a persuasive communication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A delayed increase in the persuasive impact of a noncredible source |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A personality variable that distinguishes people on the basis of how much they enjoy effortful cognitive activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The idea that exposure to weak versions of a persuasive argument increases later resistance to that argument |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The theory that people react against threats to their freedom by asserting themselves and perceiving the threatened freedom as more attractive |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive dissonance theory |
|
Definition
| The theory that holding inconsistent cognitions arouses psychological tension that people become motivated to reduce |
|
|
Term
| Insufficient justification |
|
Definition
| A condition in which people freely perform an attitude-discrepant behavior without receiving a large reward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A condition in which people refrain from engaging in a desirable activity, even when only mild punishment is threatened |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People engaged in common activities but having minimal direct interaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A process whereby the presence of others enhances performances on easy tasks but impairs performance on difficult tasks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A theory holding that the mere presence of others is sufficient to produce social facilitation effects |
|
|
Term
| Evaluation apprehension theory |
|
Definition
| A theory holding that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others are seen as potential evaluators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conflict theory-a theory holding that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others distract from the task and create attentional conflict |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The theory that individuals will exert effort on a collective task to the degree that they think their individual efforts will be important, relevant, and meaningful for achieving outcomes that they value |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The loss of a person’s sense of individuality and the reduction of the normal constraints against deviant behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The reduction in group performance due to obstacles created by group processes, such as problems of coordination and motivation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The condition in which commitments to a failing course of action are increased to justify investments already made |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A shared system for remembering information that enables multiple people to remember information together more efficiently than they could alone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A situation in which a self-interested choice by everyone creates the worst outcome for everyone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of dilemma in which one party must make either a cooperative or competitive moves in relation to another party; typically designed in such a way that competitive moves are more beneficial to either side, but if both sides make competitive moves, they are both worse off than if they both cooperated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Social dilemmas concerning how two or more people share a limited resource |
|
|
Term
| Graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction |
|
Definition
| A strategy for unilateral, persistent efforts to establish trust and cooperation between opposing parties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A negotiated resolution to a conflict in which all parties obtain outcomes that are superior to what they would have obtained from an equal division of the contested resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A belief that associates a group of people with certain traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Negative feelings towards a person based on their membership in certain groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Negative behavior directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The classification of people into groups on the basis of common attributes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, identity, or belonging |
|
|
Term
| Outgroup homogeneity effect |
|
Definition
| The tendency to assume that there is a greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People who tend to see social groups as relatively fixed, static entities and the borders between groups as relatively clear and rigid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People who tend to see social groups as relatively dynamic and changeable, with less consistency within groups and more malleability between groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An overestimate of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A tendency to perceive stimuli that differ from expectations as being even more different than they really are |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A method of presenting stimuli so faitly or rapidly that people do not have any conscious awareness of having been exposed to them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shared goals that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups |
|
|
Term
| Realistic conflict theory |
|
Definition
| The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Feelings of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared with others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency to discriminate in favor of ingroups over outgroups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The theory that people favor ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self-esteem |
|
|
Term
| Social dominance orientation |
|
Definition
| A desire to see one’s ingroups as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s gender |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The theory that small gender differences are magnified in perception by the contrasting social roles occupied by men and women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A form of sexism characterized by attitudes about women that reflect both negative and resentful beliefs and feelings and affectionate, chivalrous, but potentially patronizing beliefs and feelings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s racial background |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The theory that direct contact between hostile groups will reduce prejudice under certain conditions |
|
|
Term
| Theory of Planned Beahvior |
|
Definition
| Evolved from Theory of Reasoned Action |
|
|
Term
| Balance Theory in relation to Cognitive Dissonance |
|
Definition
| When you have cognitive dissonance you use balance theory to eliminate dissonance. |
|
|
