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PSYC100 Exam 2 Ch08
Chapter 8 Study Cards
31
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
04/05/2010

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Term
The awareness of your own processing of the problem is
Definition
Metacognition
Term
Cognition has two basic components they are: _____ & _____
Definition
Concepts and propositions
Term
What is the active effort to resolve a problem and occurs when a barrier blocks the path to a goal?
Definition
Problem-Solving
Term
What are the smallest units of meaning in language?
Definition
Concepts
Term
Simon's assertion
Definition
that ppl tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focus on only a few facets of available options and often result in irrational decisions that are less then optimal.
Term
Mediation theory
Definition
we acquire concepts by forming associations between stimuli and resonses.
Term
insight
Definition
a sudden recognition of the correct solution, usually after a period during which we are not consciously thinking about the problem.
Term
information processing theory
Definition
human brain is like a computer and that a person more generally is a system fro processing information.
Term
(information processing) 4 stages
Definition
preparation - gather information
production - move in the chess game
judgment - evaluate poss solutions
incubation - wait and think about the solution
Term
parallel distributed processing (PDP)
Definition
multiple cognitive activities can take place simultaneously.
Term
heuristic
Definition
short-cut rule-of-thumb that can be a powerful aid to efficient cognition.
Term
Difference-reduction strategy
Definition
establish a set of subgoals that will get you to the goal. reduce the diffence between where you are now and where you want to be by accomplishing the subgoals.
Term
Means/end analysis
Definition
more advanced kind of difference reduction. In means/ends analysis, you determine your present state and your goal state, assess the diff between them, and then decide on the best means for achieving the goal.
Term
Factors Faffecting the problem-solving process
Definition
Representation - way in which a problem is represented
Prior skills and knowledge - ...
memory - Source of relevant vs. extraneous info
Planning - use of a systematic series of steps to solve a problem
Term
Selective attention
Definition
When faced w/ a problem, you must determine which info is really needed to solve the problem and which is extraneous.
Term
Functional fixedness
Definition
Tendency to perceive an object only in terms of it's most common use
Term
Irrelevant information
Definition
Failure to ignore info not relevant to the problem
Term
Psychological set
Definition
Tendency to adopt a problem-solving set inappropriate to the problem at hand
Term
Confirmation bias
Definition
Tenancy to interpret new info in a biased way that confirms the initial hypothesis
Term
Gestalt theory of problem solving
Definition
Solving things through insight
Term
Stages of problem solving
Definition
Preparation
production
judgment
Incubation
Term
main advantage of heuristics over algorithms
Definition
Greater cognitive efficiency
Term
How do experts solve better?
Definition
Chunking
process more deeply
highly organized bodies of info
more global view of the problem
relate current to past problems
categorize on the basis of possible solutions
Term
Reasoning
Definition
process by which we generate, eamine, and evaluate info.
Term
Autistic thinking
Definition
unrealistic, illogical process based on fantasy and wishful fulfillment.
Term
deductive reasoning
Definition
use logical relationships to determine the validity or truth of our conclusion
use of logic
Term
inductive resoning
Definition
we move from the specific to the gener -- just the opposite of deductive reasoning.
probability estimation
Term
surface structure vs deep structure of a sentence
Definition
surface - relatively obvious and superficial form that the scentence takes while deep structure is essentially its meaning.
Term
critical period
Definition
limited span of time early in life during which language acquisition is possible or optimal
Term
Broca's area
Definition
when damaged have Broca's aphasia or nonfluent aphasia where patients have difficulty in productin meaningful speech.
Term
Wernicke's area
Definition
temporal lobe of left hem. maintains speech fluency but has great difficulty in comprehending the speech of others.
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