Term
| Origins of Intelligence Testing |
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Definition
| French government wanted Alfred Binet and Theophile Simon to develop test allowing for educators to develop remedial programs. |
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Term
| Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon |
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Definition
| created intelligence tests for French government. gave different tasks designed for aptitude for learning...what they called "natural intelligence |
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Term
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Definition
| American who formalized comparison of child's mental age to child's physical age |
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Term
| Reasons for move from ratio IQ to deviation IQ |
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Definition
| b/c a 30 year old who performs like average 60 yr old has ratio IQ of 200 so instead switch to test that compares person's test score to average score of people in same age group |
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Term
| What is two-factor theory and who? |
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Definition
| Charles Spearman: every task requires a combination of general ability (=g) and skills that are specific to the task (=s) |
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Term
| Multiple-factor theory and who? |
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Definition
| Louis Thurstone: we have abilities but no "general" ability called intelligence |
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Term
| Fluid vs Crystallized Intelligence |
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Definition
Fluid: ability to process information
Crystallized: accuracy and amount of information available for processing |
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Term
| Gardner's view of intelligence |
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Definition
| Eight kinds of intelligence: linguistic, logical, spatial, musical, bodily, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic. Western tests only test first three but not others. Differs from culture to culture |
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Term
| Identical vs fraternal twins |
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Definition
identical: splitting of single egg by single sperm
fraternal: two different eggs by two different sperm |
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Term
| What is heritability coefficient? |
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Definition
| statistic for describing proportion of difference between people's scores that can be explained by differences in their genetic makeup. must be differences |
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Term
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Definition
| accidental discovery by political scientist James Flynn that average intelligence test score has been rising by about .3% every year. (average person today is 15 IQ points higher than average person 50 yrs ago |
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Term
| What is personality? four approaches???? |
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Definition
individual's characteristic style of behaving, thinking and feeling
:::traitbiological, psychodynamic, humanistic-existential, social cognitive |
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Term
| Define psycodynamic approach |
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Definition
| regards personality as formed by needs, strivings, and desires - largely operating outside of awareness - motives that can also produce emotional disorders |
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Term
| properties of conscious, preconscious, and unconscious from psychodynamic perspective |
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Definition
| conscious is the now. preconscious are thoughts that could become in conscious and unconscious is lifetime of hidden memories and person's deepest instincts/desires, and person's inner struggle to control these forces |
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Term
| psychodynamic mind explaining id, ego, and superego |
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Definition
id - contains drives present at birth: source of bodily needs, wants, desires, impulses, AND sexual and aggressive drives
Ego - component of personality, developed through contact with external world that helps deal with life's practical demands using reality principle to set priorities
Superego - internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents exercise their authority |
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Term
| pleasure vs reality principles |
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Definition
pleasure principle is force that motivates tendency to seek immediate gratification of any impulse
Reality - enables individual to delay gratifying immediate needs and function effectively in real world |
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Term
| What are the seven defense mechanisms |
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Definition
Rationalization - supplying a reasonable-sounding explanation for unacceptable feelings and behavior to conceal (mostly for oneself) one's underlying motives/feelings
Reaction formation - unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with exaggerated version of their opposite
Projection - attributing one's own threatening feelings, motives, or impulses to another person/group
Regression - ego deals with internal conflict and perceived threat by reverting to immature behavior (earlier development)
Displacement - shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to neutral or less-threatening alternative
Identification - unconsciously take on characteristics of another person who seems more powerful or better able to cope
Sublimation - channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable/culturally enhancing activities |
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Term
| five stages of psychosexual development |
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Definition
Stages: Oral: pleasures and frustrations associated with mouth, sucking, and being fed
Anal stage - pleasures/frustrations with anus, retention and expulsion of feces/urine and toilet training
Phallic - experience dominated by pleasure/frustration with phallic-genital region as well as powerful incestuous feelings of love, hate, jealously and conflict
Latency - further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal and athletic skills
Genital - coming together of mature adult personality with capacity to love, work and relat to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner |
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Term
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Definition
| person's pleasure-seeking drives become psychologically stuck at particular psychosexual stage |
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Term
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Definition
| child's conflicting feelings toward the opposite-sex parent is usually resolved by identifying with the same-sex parent |
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Term
| Roger's main belief about humans? what do they need for self actualization |
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Definition
| they need unconditional positive regard - attitude of nonjudgmental acceptance toward another person. argued that children must be shown they are loved/valued with postitive regard regardless of behavior |
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Term
| Describe trait approach to psychology and core traits |
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Definition
| uses trait terms to characterize differences among individuals; Murray (1938) propose over 40 basic motivations with need for orderliness; factor analysis now used which sorts similar trait terms |
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Term
| List Big Five personality dimensions |
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Definition
| Conscientiousness (organized/careless); Agreeableness (helpful/uncooperative); Neuroticism (insecure/ self satisfied); Openness to experience (independent/routine); Extraversion (social/sober) |
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Term
| Explain social cognitive approach to personality. (also person-situation consistency and locus of control) |
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Definition
SCA - vies personality in terms how how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them.
P-S controversy - the question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situation factors
LOC - person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the enviornment |
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Term
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Definition
| people's tendency to take credit for their successes but downplay the responsibility of failures |
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Term
| medical model of psychological abnormalities |
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Definition
| conceptualization of psychological abnormalities as diseases that, like biological diseases, have symptoms and causes and possible cures |
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Term
| importance of disturbance, personal distress and internal dysfunction in drawing line between normal/abnormal |
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Definition
disorder is manifested in symptoms that involve disturbances in behavior, thoughts or emotions
symptoms are associated with significan personal distress or impairment
symptoms stem from internal dysfuntion (biological or psychological) |
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Term
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Definition
| classification system that describes features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other , similar problems |
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Term
| Describe diathesis-stress model |
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Definition
| suggests that person may be predisposed for mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress |
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Term
| describe anxiety disorders, specifically differences among generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, panic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder |
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Definition
Anxiety disorder - mental disorder in which anxiety is prominent feature
GAD - excessive worry accompanied by three or more symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension and sleep disturbance
Phobias - marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or ssituations
Panic disorder - sudden occurence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to feeling of stark terror (agoraphobia - extreme fear of venturing into public places)
OCD - repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with an individual's functioning |
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Term
| Specific vs Social phobia |
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Definition
Specific - irrational fear of particular object/situation interfering with ability to function
Social - irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed |
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Term
| Dissociative disorders and differences between dissociative identity disorder, dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue |
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Definition
Dissociative disorder - normal cognitive processes are severely disjointed and fragmented creating significant disruptions in memory, awareness or personality of length of minutes or years
DID - presence of two or more distinct identities that at different times take control of individual's behavior
D. amnesia - sudden loss of memory for significant personal information
D. fugue - sudden loss of memory for one's personal history accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and assumption of new identity |
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Term
| Describe mood disorders and differences between depression and bipolar disorder |
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Definition
Mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature
Depression - severely depressed mood that lasts 2 weeks or more and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy and sleep and appetite disturbances
Bipolar disorder - unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression) |
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Term
| Schizophrenia and differences in subtypes |
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Definition
profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought/motivation/behavior
TYPES::: Paranoid: absurd/illogical/changeable delusions sometimes with vivid hallucinations
Catatonic: alternating periods of extreme withdraw and extreme excitement (may remain motionless for hours while low)
Disorganized: earlier age; disintegration of personality; inappropriate laughter/silliness/ peculiar mannerisms
Undifferentiated: perplexity, confusion, emotional turmoil; seen while breaking down or a sign of another schizo change
Residual: mild indication of schizo by individuals in remission following a schizophrenic episode |
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Term
| Five common symptoms of schizophrenia (with examples) |
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Definition
Delusion: patently false belief system often bizarrre and grandiose , that is maintained in spite of its irrationality
Hallucination: false perceptual experience that has compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation
Disorganized speech: severe disruption of erbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently from one to another unrelated topic
Grossly disorganized behavior: inappropriate behavior for situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances
Catatonic behavior: marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity
Negative symptoms: emotional/social withdraw; apathy; poverty of speech |
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Term
| biological factors of schizophrenia including genetics; prenatal factors; biochemical factors; and neuroanatomy |
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Definition
Genetics: being related greatly raises chances
Prenatal factors: one afflicted twin comes out second and weighing less; late winter early spring babies have 20% greater risk due to viral exposure
Biochemical: dopamine hypothesis says schizophrenia involves excess of dopamine activity
Neuroanatomy: enlargement of ventricles in brain; tissue loss? |
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Term
| Antisocial personality disorder |
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Definition
| no moral sense; history of deception, crime, impulsive/aggressive/violent behavior. little emotional empathy. high risk for substance abuse and alcoholism |
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Term
| Paranoid personality disorder |
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Definition
| distrust in others; thinking others have sinister motives. prone to anger/aggressive outbursts but otherwise emotionally cold. often jealous, guarded, secretive, overly serious |
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Term
| Boarderline personality disorder |
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Definition
| unstable moods and intense, stormy personal relationships; unpredictable impulses; self-mutilation or suicidal threats or gestures to get attention or manipulate others; self-image fluctuation and tendency to see others as all good or all bad |
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Term
| Narcissistic personality disorder |
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Definition
| inflated sense of self-importance, absorbed by fantasies of self and success. good first impressions but poor longer-term relationships. exploitative of others |
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Term
| Describe differences between psychologists, psychiatrists and counselors |
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Definition
Psychologists: five year degree with extensive training in therapy, assessment of disorders and research. have a specific area of study; licensed by state
Psychiatrists: assessing and treating mental disorders; prescribe medications and some practice psychotherapy
Counselors: |
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Term
| Describe the methods used by psychoanalytic therapy |
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Definition
(explore childhood events)
use of transference: assume major significance in client's life and client reacts to analyst based on unconscious childhood fantasies
Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT): focuses on helping clients improve current relationships |
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Term
| Describe the methods used by humanistic therapy |
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Definition
idea that people are good and strive for personal improvement; Person-centered therapy: people have tendency toward growth and this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions from the therapist
Gestalt Therapy: goal of helping client become aware of his thoughts/behaviors/experiences/feelings and to "own" or take responsibility for them |
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Term
| Describe the methods used by behavioral therapy ALSO:: aversion, token and exposure therapy; systematic desensitization |
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Definition
disordered behavior is learned and helped by changing maladaptive behaviors to constructive behaviors
Aversion therapy: positive punishment used to reduce undesirable behavior
Token economy: clients are given "tokens" for desired behaviors which are traded for rewards
Exposure therapy: confronting emotional-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly
Systematic desensitization: relaxes all muscles while imagining being in increasingly frightening situations |
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Term
| Describe cognitive therapy including cognitive restructuring and mindful meditation |
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Definition
Cognitive restructuring: teaching clients to question automatic beliefs, assumptions, predictions that often lead to negative emotions and replace them with realistic/positive belifs
Mindfulness meditation: person should be fully present in each moment; to be aware of his or her thoughts/feelings/sensations and to detect symptoms before they become a problem |
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Term
| Cognitive behavioral therapy;; Explain RET |
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Definition
| sometimes no control through rational thought but must help think more rationally |
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Term
| Describe couple/family therapy, group therapy and self-help groups |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe antipsychotic medications on biological level |
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Definition
| drugs treat schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders; black dopamine receptors; now block serotonin as well |
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Term
| antianxiety medications at biological level |
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Definition
| drugs help reduce fear or anxiety; benzos that release GABA neurotransmitter which calms person |
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Term
| Anti-depressant medication on biological level |
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Definition
help life people's mood; Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) which slows neropinephrine, serotonin and dopamine but side effects of dizziness and loss of sexual interest; Tricyclic antidepressants block reup take of norepinephrine and serotonin;
Most used today is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs: Prozac, Celexa, Paxil) make serotonin more available and more efficiently used |
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Term
| Electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, phototherapy, psychosurgery |
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Definition
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): inducing mild seizure by electric shock brain (depression)
TMS: powerful magnet over scalp which alters neuronal activity in brain
Phototherapy: repeated exposure to bright light
psychosurgery: surgical destruction of specific brain areas |
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Term
| Identify and describe the empirically supported psychological treatments, and the disorders to which they apply. |
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Definition
Cognitive behavior therapy: panic disorder with and without agoraphobia
Cognitive therapy: depression/ bulimia
Interpersonal: depression
behavior therapy: OCD, marital difficulties, childhood enuresis (bed wetting) |
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