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Psyc of Learning EXAM 3
EXAM THREE
54
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
10/30/2010

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Term
conditional discriminations
Definition
discriminations in which the role of one stimulus depends on others that provide its context
Term
correction procedure
Definition
If an error occurs in matching to sample, a ______ is frequently implemented. Essentially, the organism is exposed to the same choice trial again
Term
oddity matching
Definition
when we arrange it such that responses to the stimulus that is not like the sample produce reinforcers
Term
bias
Definition
refers to a preference for one alternative over another, even when that alternative is not associated with programmed reinforcers
Term
arbitrary matching
Definition
a type of responding in which there is no point to point correspondence for the sample stimulus and the "correct response"
Term
reflexivity
Definition
identity matching, A = A
Term
symmetry
Definition
the order of the terms is reversible; if A = B, then B = A
Term
transitivity
Definition
common terms in two ordered pairs determine a third ordered pair; if A = B, and B = C, then A = C
Term
equivalent class
Definition
A, B, and C represent members of an ________
Term
learned helplessness
Definition
A history in which responses are not reinforced when subjects are exposed to aversive consequences. When responses will really do something later, subjects exposed to continuous shock will learn escape and avoidance responses more slowly.
Term
stimulus equivalence
Definition
in order to say that this has occurred, a series of three relationships must be present in the equivalence class (reflexivity, symmetry, transitivity)
Term
schedules of reinforcement
Definition
prescriptions for arranging reinforcing consequences with respect to operant behavior
Term
B.F. Skinner
Definition
Interest in schedules of reinforcement can be traced to the work of _______ in the mid 1930s
Term
extremes
Definition
Prior to Skinner, only the ______ of schedules were studied
Term
orderly
Definition
The utility of schedules lies mainly in their ability to produce _____ and predictable patterns of behavior across a variety of different circumstances
Term
immediately before
Definition
Critchfield et al. evaluated 52 years of congressional bill enactment and found that most of the work occurred _______ scheduled meetings
Term
descriptive
Definition
description of the contingency (e.g., every 2 R will produce a reinforcer)
Term
functional
Definition
description of the behavior patterns produced by contact with the schedule
Term
frequency
Definition
The most common measure of schedule performance is its ______ of occurrence
Term
cumulative recorder
Definition
Useful in the analysis of schedule patterns is a ______ which generates a graph of cumulative R frequency over time and in relation to the schedules variables
Term
ratio schedules
Definition
reinforcement upon completion of a specific number of responses
Term
interval schedules
Definition
reinforcement of the first response after some period of time has elapsed
Term
time-based schedules
Definition
reinforcement simply after some period of time has elapsed
Term
fixed ratio (FR)
Definition
the last of a specified number of responses is reinforced (the # is always the same)
Term
fixed ratio
Definition
Key features of ____ reinforcement:
high rate of responding
post reinforcement pause (PRP) controlled by the size of the ____
possible strain if schedule requirement is too big
Term
variable ratio (VR)
Definition
the last of a specified # of responses is reinforced, the number varies from one reinforcer to the next, but revolves around some average value (ex: gambling, getting a nail into a board)
Term
variable ratio
Definition
key features of ______ reinforcement:
~highest rate of responding of all simple schedules
~No PRP
Term
progressive ratio
Definition
the number of R required for reinforcers increases (or decreases) after each reinforcer delivery
Term
progressive ratio
Definition
Key features of _______:
~cost of commodity keeps rising
~can tell you about "reinforcing value" of some stimulus (ex: Netflix, iTunes gift card, food and water)
Term
fixed interval (FI)
Definition
the first response after "X" period of time is reinforced (ex: looking at watch)
Term
fixed interval
Definition
key features of ______:
~early responses in the interval have no effect
~a response must occur for reinforcer delivery
~produces "scallop" patterning
Term
FI
Definition
Humans tend to respond throughout the interval on ____ schedules (no scalloping)
Term
variable interval (VI)
Definition
the first response after "X" interval has elapsed, but the time value revolves around some average
Term
variable interval
Definition
key features of ________ reinforcement:
~generates slow, steady, rates of responding
~no predictability
Term
fixed time (FT)
Definition
reinforcers (stimuli) are delivered at set points in time, independent of behavior (response independent)
Term
variable time (VT)
Definition
same as FT, except the time interval revolves around some average value (also response independent)
Term
Because when behavior occurs closely in time with reinforcers, the organism cannot detect a difference (discrimination)
Definition
Why does behavior persist in a variable time schedule (sometimes)?
Term
yoked chamber procedure
Definition
reinforcers are arranged for one organism on one schedule and reinforcers for another organism are arranged on a schedule based on the first organism's performance, but the schedule is different
Term
limited hold
Definition
these are at play frequently in the "real world" With this, the reinforcer is set up (scheduled) but a response must occur in a specified period of time to produce that reinforcer
Term
complex schedules
Definition
involve combinations of simple schedules (with rules about how those schedules are put into place)
Term
multiple
Definition
Behavioral contrast is an example of a _______ schedule
Term
multiple schedules
Definition
when two or more schedules alternate, each during a different stimulus that tells the organism that a particular set of rules is in place
Term
because you don't have to respond at a high rate to achieve a reinforcer
Definition
In an FR 20 VI 30 multiple schedule, why would the rate of responding be lower during VI 30?
Term
mixed schedule
Definition
two or more schedules alternate, each during the same stimulus. the organism doesn't know how to respond based on any specific stimulus
Term
multiple schedules
Definition
Is it easier to "figure out" what schedules are operating in a mixed or multiple schedule?
Term
multiple; mixed
Definition
Separation between data paths occurs quickly in ______ schedule, more slowly in ____ schedule.
Term
observing response
Definition
a different operant that functions to produce an S^D or S^delta, depending on whether reinforcement or extinction is in effect
Term
schedule
Definition
In the pigeon key pecking example, an observing response occurs when the pigeon pecks a key that allows the pigeon to check the ______ in place.
Term
good news
Definition
In observing responses, bad news is good, but not as good as _______.
Term
reinforcement; extinction
Definition
Organisms will make the observing response more frequently when the stimuli are correlated with ________ and less frequently when stimuli are associated with _______.
Term
chained schedules
Definition
used to study conditioned reinforcers, reinforcers are produced by completion of two or more component schedules, each associated with a different stimulus
Term
slower
Definition
In a chained schedule using key color change, response rate is _______ when the key colors change than it is when the key color stays the same
Term
less responding
Definition
In chained schedules, a stimulus supports _________ the further it is from the end of the sequence
Term
tandem
Definition
A ______ schedule is like a mixed schedule in that there are no specific stimuli that tell you what schedule is in place. In this type, after an organism completes a schedule, they EARN the next schedule rather than a reinforcer.
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