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- First to publish textbook on social psychology (*concurrent with E.H. Ross)
- Early 20th century
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- First textbook on social psychology (*concurrent with William McDougall)
- Early 20th century
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- First social psychology study
- Effects of competition on performance
- Late 19th century
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- Balance theory
- Attribution theory
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- Cognitive dissonance theory
- Social comparison theory
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- Carl Hovland's model of persuasion
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- Elaboration likelihood model
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- Greater anxiety --> greater need to affiliate
- When anxiety is high, we prefer the company of others who are also anxious
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- Of Darley & Latane
- Bystrander intervention
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- Of Darley & Latane
- Bystander intervention
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- Group attitudes
- Over time attitudes converge to that of the group's
- Political orientation of women at college. The cohorts became more liberal throughout their 4 years. Women who married conservative reverted back to being conservative.
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- Performance in the presence of others
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- Groupthink
- Discovered the construct but looking at blunders in American history
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- Counterevidence for the risky shift
- Couples were asked to choose between allowing a pregnancy that would threaten the mother's life, or to terminate the pregnancy
- Couples chose more cautious options relative to the options chosen by individual members
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- Gender differences in conformity are due to differing social roles associated with that gender
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- Children are born with certain faculties
- Society hinders development
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- Founder of children and adolescent psychology
- Co-founder of APA
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- Developmental psychologist
- Development as a maturational process, for which there are biological instructions
- Views differed from his colleagues in the 1920s and 30s
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- Heritability
- Maze-dull and maze-bright rats
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- First study on gifted children; longitudinal comparison with children of average intelligence
- Revised the Binet-Simon scale into Stanford-Binet Intelligence test for use in USA
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| Lenneberg, Rebelsky, & Nichols (1965) |
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- Babbling begins around the same age for hearing children with hearing parents, hearing children with deaf parents, and deaf children
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- 3 unique baby cries: basic, frustrated, and pain
- Adults have increased HR in response to the pain cry
- By age 2 months babies learn that adults respond to their cries
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- Attachment
- Observed children in orphanages who had their physical, but not social/emotional, needs met
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- Stages of moral development
- Stages of gender development
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- Criticized Lawrence Kohlberg's moral development stages
- Kohlberg only studied males, whereas Gilligan claims that females have a different course of moral development
- Females are more interpersonal, social, and compassionate in their moral logic than males, who adhere to rules
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- Gender schematic processing theory
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- Proposed parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative, permissive)
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- Characterized psychological features of a person based on their body shape
- Endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy
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- As a study, believed that psychology developed because of the Zeitgeist -- the spirit of the times
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- His example of humane treatment of asylum patients led to better care
- 18th century
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- Advocated for more humane care of mental patients in the United States
- 19th century
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- Pioneered ECT in schizophrenic patients
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- 19th century
- Symptom patterns, classification system
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- Psychodynamic personality theorist
- Inferiority complex
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- Psychodynamic personality theory
- Neurotic personality
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- Ego psychologist (founder)
- Psychoanalysis with greater emphasis on the conscious ego and its relationship with the unconscious structures
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- Object-relations theorist
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- Object-relations theorist
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- Object-relations theorist
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- Object-relations theorist
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| John Dollard & Neal Miller |
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- Blended behaviourism and psychoanalysis to understand the development of personality
- Conflict
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- Group dynamics
- Leadership style
- Forces that impact social situations (personality is dynamic)
- Equation of behaviour (nature and nurture)
- How ideas are changed
- Humanist
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- Humanist
- We are constantly observing and forming schema from others' behaviours
- Psychopathology (most notably, anxiety) arises when we are unable to make schema to predict others' behaviours
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- Humanist
- Client-centred therapy
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- Humanist
- Psychopathology arises from meaningless life
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- Factor analysis
- Trait (personality) theorist
- 16 traits that underly personality
- Fluid and crystalized intelligence
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- Trait theorist
- Personality consists of dimensions, which breakdown into traits
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- Trait theorist
- Three traits to personality: cardinal, central, and secondary
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- Personality theorist
- Need for achievement
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- Personality theorist
- Field-dependence
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- Personality theorist
- Internal and external loci of control
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- Argued that personality is not stable across situations
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- On being sane in insane places
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- "the Myth of mental illness"
- Mental illness does not exist, but rather societal expectations can be violated. We need to tackle these societal expectations
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- Studied functions of various brain regions
- Removed brain regions to observe the effects on pigeons' behaviours
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- Functionalism (how the mind works in adaptive ways given the environment)
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- Damage to certain brain regions caused functional impairments
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- Law of specific nerve energies
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- Inferred existence of synapses
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- Studied autonomic nervous system
- Coined idea of homeostasis
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| James Olds & Peter Milner |
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- Determined that the septum is associated with experiences of pleasure
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- Changes in NT activity underly changes in behaviour
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- Studied clinical neuropsychological disorders
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- Measured individual differences in sensory abilities
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- Founder of Gestalt psychology
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- Sensory perception
- Just noticable difference (jnd)
- Weber's law, Weber's constant
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- ROC curves in plotting signal detection
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- Cited interposition, relative size, and linear perspective as depth cues
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- Cited texture gradients as a depth cue
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- Preferential looking paradigm
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| Eleanor Gibson & Richard Walk |
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| Ronald Melzach & Patrick Wall |
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- Gating theory of pain perception
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- Selective attention as a filter
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- Neutral stimulus does not need to be presented close to an unconditioned stimulus in order for (the NS) to become a conditioned stimulus
- i.e., contingency explanation
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- Systematic desenitization for phobia treatment
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- Ethologist
- Introduced experimental methods into ethology
- Four questions
- Aggression in male sticklebacks (red bellies)
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- Ethologist
- Honeybee dances
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- Partial-report method of recall
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- Spreading activation model
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- Semantic feature-comparison model
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- Levels-of-processing theory
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- "War of the Ghosts"
- Using memory from experience to recall information
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- Decision making through heuristics
- Worked with Dan Kahneman
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- Linguistic relativity hypothesis (also, Whorfian hypothesis)
- Language shapes perception
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- Gender differences in verbal ability
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- Gender differences in verbal ability
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- g as the factor underlying differences in intelligence
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- Seven primary mental abilities
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- Triarchic theory of intelligence
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- Theory of multiple intelligences
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- Intelligence is inhereted and fixed
- Racial differences in intelligence
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- Parallel distributed processes
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- Mental testing to America
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- Argued (against Wundt) that there could be thought without mental imagery
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- Developed IQ as a measurement outcome
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