Term
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Definition
| how psychological principles affect prevention and treatment of physical illnesses |
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Term
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Definition
| physiological response of body to psychological demands |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. daily hassles, frustration (blocked goal)
2. conflict (approach-approach; avoidance-avoidance; approach-avoidance)
3. negative life changes
4. catastrophes
5. pressures (expectations or demands) |
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Term
| General adaptation syndrome - Selye |
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Definition
Stage 1 - alarm reaction
Stage 2 - resistance
Stage 3 - exhaustion |
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Term
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Definition
a. (physiological)
• increased blood pressure, heart rate
• increased cholesterol buildup in arteries
• suppression of immune system
b. (emotional)
• emotional arousal (negative)
• emotions depend on cognitive appraisal
c. (behavioral) --
• unhealthy -- attack others, give up, overindulge, use defense mechs
• healthy -- constructive coping |
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Term
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Definition
how one responds physiologically to stress
a. exercise
b. sex
c. stimulants |
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Term
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Definition
a. cognitive appraisal
b. placebo
c. positive thinking
d. imagery in kids |
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Term
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Definition
| if we think we have control, we are less susceptible to illness |
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Term
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Definition
| shared grief is less of a burden than unshared |
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Term
| Formal coping mechanisms for stress |
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Definition
1. relaxation training
2. biofeedback
2. healthy behs |
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Term
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Definition
A. Basic Ideas
1. nature/nurture - does genetics or environment play a larger role in
determining who we are?
2. Data collection methods
a. cross-sectional - take a cross-section of people now
b. longitudinal - follow one group over time |
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Term
| Physical Development for developmental psyc |
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Definition
Influences on prenatal devt
• Genetic
• Environmental
2. Later maturation
a. physical changes
b. psychological effects of physical changes |
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Term
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Definition
Child/adoles devt-- Piaget --
Adolescent and adult cog devt -
Mid/late adulthood (45-65/65+) |
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Term
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Definition
• response to world is almost entirely sensory and motor
• (research methods with infants)
* by the end- intentional behavior, beginning of lang, object permanence |
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Term
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Definition
* egocentrism --think everyone sees world in his/her way
* cannot distinguish betw wishful thinking and reality
* centration - pay attn to perceptually salient dimension (no conservation) |
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Term
| concrete operations - (6-12 yo) |
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Definition
* able to conserve
* can reason about things that haven’t happened * more systematic problem solving |
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Term
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Definition
* develop abstract thinking
* contrary-to-fact thinking
* systematic prob solving
* understand symbol of symbols |
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Term
| Adolescent and adult cog devt - |
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Definition
. Typical ways of thinking -- adolescence -- a new egocentrism (immaturity of
thought)
• self – consciousness (imaginary audience)
• critical of others
• pseudostupidity - everything is overly simple
b. Other cognitive changes:
changes in knowledge base, changes in processing, change in metacognitive skills/
thinking |
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Term
| Mid/late adulthood (45-65/65+) |
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Definition
General findings-- With age, tend to decline in fluid intelligence, and remain stable or
increase with crystallized intell.
Fluid - capacity to apply intellectual ability to new situations
Crystallized - - accumulation of facts info and knowledge that comes with
education/experience |
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Term
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Definition
attachment -
Social interactions
adults |
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Term
| attachment - psychosocial development |
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Definition
a. def -- using a person as a safe base from which to explore the world, as a source
of comfort when distressed, and for
encouragement
b. devt -- adults to children - right away
devt -- Children to adults
-- Initial preattachment
-- Clear attachment (social referencing, separation anxiety/protest)
-- multiple attachments
attachment over time
c. Attachment issues
-- daycare
-- antisocial personality disorder |
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Term
| Social interactions psychosocial development |
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Definition
a. Devt of friendships
b. Need to belong--- Peer pressure
c. relationship with parents changes |
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Term
| adults- psychosocial development |
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Definition
| (Friendships, Romance, Relationships with parents) |
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Term
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Definition
| what affects our identity devt (self concept)? |
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Term
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Definition
| definitions people use to help distinguish self from others. |
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Term
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Definition
cultural influences -- independent self vs. interdependent self
b. group identity
* sex and gender influences
* sexual orientation
* ethnicity (special case – biracial/multiracial identity)
c. genetics
d. other experiences |
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Term
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Definition
1. stereotypes (prejudice?)
2. life expectancy
3. overview of life |
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Term
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Definition
How we perceive the world
Attitudes
Prejudice
Aggression |
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Term
| first impressions/perceptions of others |
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Definition
we are on our own best behavior and
we know that others are too |
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Term
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Definition
explanations of behavior
* can be internal (dispositional) or external (situational) or both
* We want to control and predict the world. |
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Term
| stereotyping/simplifying/categorizing |
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Definition
People naturally categorize others into
groups (most common groups: race, sex, age, clothes) |
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Term
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Definition
eval of an idea, event, object, or person
1. formation of a. classical conditioning
b. operant conditioning
c. social learning -- media, parents, peers, people you admire
2. Components of -
cog(belief about the object), emotional (feelings evoked by the object), behavioral
(tendency to act in certain ways toward object).
3. Can atts predict beh? specific, stronger |
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Term
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Definition
cognitive - beliefs about the personal attributes shared by a group of
people |
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Term
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Definition
| affective - evaluation of a person based on group membership |
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Term
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Definition
behavioral - behavioral acceptance or rejection of someone based on
group membership |
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Term
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Definition
a. Social learning
b. Gp conflict theories - prej can be traced to conflict betw two groups - Us vs. Them
(ingroup vs. outgroup)
c. Cognitive processes that might lead to prejudice
* Social Categorization - people divide the world into "us" vs. "them"
* Salience (vivid cases) - prominent cues
* Self-fulfilling prophecy
* Inflexible categories - what do you do with outliers? |
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Term
| Reducing prejudice in the individual |
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Definition
• Identify prejudices
• Watch for inflexible categories
• Use learning tools to reinforce new attitude
• Occasionally reassess |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior intended to harm or injure another person (or property) |
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Term
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Definition
a. the limbic system
b. genetics
c. chemical components
• sex hormones
• steroids
• alcohol
• THC |
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Term
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Definition
a. Instinct theories
• Freud - life and death instincts.
• Lorenz - territoriality
b. Drive theory - - Frust-agg principle -- aversive events causes negative affect
which may cause aggression
c. Social learning |
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Term
| Preventing and Controlling Agg Punishment |
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Definition
works if
- follows immediately after aggressive act
- is of sufficient strength to overcome original motive
- high probability that aggressive act will be followed by punishment |
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Term
| Preventing and Controlling Agg Catharsis |
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Definition
displace the aggression in some way other than being aggressive
(note: it doesn’t work) |
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Term
| Preventing and Controlling Agg Social learning |
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Definition
| teach prosocial or alternative ways to act |
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Term
| Preventing and Controlling Agg d. Incompatible responses - |
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Definition
• empathy
• nonhostile humor
• mild sexual arousal |
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