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PSYC Exam 3 Ch. 6, 8, 11
cards relating to terms from chapters 6, 8, & 11
54
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
11/14/2010

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Term
Learning
Definition

relatively permanent change in the state of the organism (or it's behavior) resulting from experience

 

linked to memory 

Term
Reflex
Definition
innate connection between a stimulus and a subsequent response
Term
Habituation
Definition

repeated presentation of stim. results in gradual reduction in response

simple form of learning, but not very permanent 

Term

Classical conditioning

Definition

learning to make a reflext response to stimulas other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex

neutral stim. evokes response after being paird with a stim. that naturally evokes a response 

Pavlov

Term

Concepts of CC

Definition

 

  1. CS comes before UCS
  2. CS and UCS come close together in time 
  3. neutral stim must be paired with UCS several times before conditioning can take place
  4. CS = usually stim that is distinctive or stands out from other stim

 

Term
Stim generalization
Definition
tendency to respond to a stim that is only similar to the original conditioned stim with the conditioned response
Term
Stim discrimination
Definition
tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stim that is similar to the original conditioned stim because the similar stim is never paired with the UCS
Term
Garcia Effect
Definition

conditioned aversion (injection of toxic substance) will occur with a CS that is a distinctive smell or taste but not with visual auditory or tactile stim

- can occur when the US is administered when animal is unconscious

Term
Operant conditioninig 
Definition
the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses 
Term
Thorndike's Law of Effect
Definition
law stating that if a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence it will tend to be repeated and if followed by an unpleasant consequence it will tend not to be repeated
Term
Skinner
Definition

behaviorist - study observable, measurable behavior

gave operant conditioning its name (operant: voluntary behavior)

learning depends on what happens after the response (consequence)

Term
Shaping
Definition
the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired more complex behavior
Term
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Definition
something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism
Term
Unconditioned response (UR)
Definition
reflexive reaction that is reliably elicited by an unconditional stim
Term
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Definition
stim. that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism 
Term
Conditioned response (CR)
Definition
reaction that resembles an unconditional response but is produced by a conditional stim. 
Term
Acquisition 
Definition
the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together (period of association bet. CS and US)
Term
Stim substitution
Definition
original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus was substituted 
Term
Successive approximations 
Definition
small steps in behavior one after the other that lead to a particular goal behavior (associated with shaping)
Term
CC vs OC (CC)
Definition

  1. goal = to create new response to stim that doesn't normally produce that response
  2. responses = involuntary, reflexive
  3. antecedent stim are important in forming association
  4. CS must occur immediately before US
  5. expectancy develops for US to follow CS

Term
CC vs. OC (OC)
Definition

  1. goal = increase the rate of an already occurring response 
  2. responses = voluntary
  3. consequences are important in forming association 
  4. reinforcement must be immediate
  5. expectancy develops for reinforcement to follow correct response

Term
Reinforcement
Definition
any event or stimulus that, when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again 
Term
Primary reinforcer
Definition
any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need such as hunger, thirst or touch
Term
Secondary reinforcer
Definition
any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer such as praise, tokens or gold stars
Term
Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
Definition
schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same
Term
Variable schedule of reinforcement
Definition
schedule of rein. in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event 
Term
Fixed interval schedule of rein.
Definition
sched. of rein. in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same
Term
Variable interval sched. of rein.
Definition
sched. of rein. in which the interval time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event 
Term
Positive rein.
Definition
the rein. of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stim.
Term
Negative rein.
Definition
the rein. of a response by the removal/escape from/avoidance of an unpleasant stim.
Term
Positive punishment
Definition
the addition of something unpleasant (punishment by application)
Term
Negative punishment
Definition
taking away of something valued or desirable (punishment by removal)
Term
Extinction
Definition
disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the US
Term
Spontaneous recovery
Definition
recovery of a learned response, post-extinction, after a rest period
Term
Cognition
Definition
mental events that take place inside a person's mind while behaving 
Term
Latent learning 
Definition
learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful 
Term
Observational learning
Definition
learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior
Term
Learning/performance distinction
Definition
referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior
Term
Piaget - Schemas
Definition
theories a child develops through interaction with environment about how the physical/social worlds operate
Term
Piaget - Assimilate
Definition
in which child applies existing schemas to an event/object in a new or novel situation
Term
Piaget - Accomodate
Definition
in which child modifies relevant existing schema if new experience doesn't fit the schema 
Term
Sensorimotor period (cog. devel.)
Definition
stage 1: coordination of sensory input/motor responses, devel. of object permanence, birth to 2 years
Term
Preoperational period (cog. devel.)
Definition
stage 2: development of symbolic thought marked by irreversibility, centration, egocentrism; 2 to 7 years
Term
Concrete operational period (cog. devel.)
Definition
stage 3: mental operations applied to concrete events, master of conversation, hierarchical classification; 7 to 11 years
Term
Formal operational period (cog. devel.)
Definition
stage 4: mental operations applied to abstract ideas, logical systematic thinking; 11 to adulthood
Term
Preconventional morality (moral devel.)
Definition
level 1: (up to age 10) morality of action determined by consequences 
Term
Conventional morality (moral devel.)
Definition
level 2: (by 13 years) morality of an action determined by conformity to social rules 
Term
Postconventional morality (moral devel.)
Definition
level 3: requires formal operational thinking; morality of an action determined by general principles that reflect core values 
Term
Electrooculogram (EOG)
Definition
contact electrodes detect rotation/elevation of the eyeball (measures eye movement)
Term
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Definition
contact electrodes detect massed activity of neurons at the surface of the cortex (brain wave activity)
Term
Electromyogram (EMG)
Definition
contact electrodes detect degree of muscle tone 
Term
REM sleep
Definition
rapid eye movement, paradoxical sleep, high level of brain activity 
Term
Manifest content
Definition
apparent topic/superficial meaning of a dream 
Term
Latent content
Definition
underlying meaning of a dream 
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