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| a field that attempts to program computers to perform intelligent tasks. such as playing chess and constructing derivations in logic |
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| flow of info from sensory store to LTM (remembering a phone number) |
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| flow of info from LTM to sensory store (i.e. a word in context (top down) vs. just seeing the word and figuring it out (bottom up) |
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| stage that follows pattern recognition and determines which info a person will try to remember |
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| approach that emphasizes the association between a stimulus and a response, without identifying the mental operations that produced the response. |
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| the study of the mental operations that support peoples acquisition and use of knowledge |
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| human information processing |
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| psychological approach that attempts to identify what occurs during the various stages (attention, perception, sin) of processing information |
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| where a stimulus is identified |
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| the part of memory that holds unanalyzed sensory info for a fraction of a second providing an opportunity for additional analysis is following the physical termination of the stimulus |
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| the interdisciplinary attempt to study cognition through psych, philosophy, AI, neuroscience, linguistics, and anthropology |
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| relation between cognitive processes and brain activities |
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| functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) |
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| uses magnetic fields and computerized images to locate mental operations in the brain |
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| uses radioactive tracers to study brain activity by measuring the amount of blood flow in different parts of the brain |
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| event related potential (ERP) |
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| a diagnostic technique that uses electrodes placed on scalp to measure the duration of brain waves during mental tasks |
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| a box that presents visual stimuli at a specified duration and level of illumination |
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| an unanalyzed pattern that is matched against alternative patterns by using the degrees of overlap as a measure of similarity |
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| problems with template theories |
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| comparison requires that the template be in the same position and orientation and size, variability of patterns, template theory doesnt reveal how two patterns differ |
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| amount of time between the end of a stimulus and the beginning of another stimulus |
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| a theory of pattern rec that describes patterns in terms of their parts: A= / +\+ - |
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| a measure of the frequency with which two patterns are mistakenly identified as eachother (R&P) |
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| a feature present in one pattern but absent in another, aiding ones discrimination of the two patterns (i.e. R-P, Y-V, C-G, Q-O, M-N) |
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| specifies how the features of a pattern are joined to other features of the pattern. |
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| Biederman's Component Model |
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| descriptions of 3D objects in a simpler way (pail, and mug) |
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| visual information store (VIS) |
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| sensory store that maintains visual info for approx 1/4 of a second |
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| repeating verbal info to keep it active in STM or to transfer it into LTM |
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| auditory information store |
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| in Sperling's model this store maintains verbal information in STM through rehearsal |
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| carrying out one operation at a time such as pronouncing one word at a time |
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| carrying out 2+ operations at a time, such as looking at an art exhibit and making conversation |
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| the attention component of Sperling's model that determines what is recognized in the visual information store |
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| the rate of feature recognition, the longer you have the better your guess. Rate depends on clarity of information and number of items in the display |
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| by Estes and Taylor, a procedure in which observers have to specify which of two possible target patterns is present in a display |
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| the finding that accuracy in recognizing a letter is higher when the letter is in a word than when it appears alone or is in a non-word |
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| interactive activation model |
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| a theory that proposes that both feature knowledge and word knowledge combine to provide information about the identity of letters in a word |
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| a reaction to positive evidence for a concept, as when a vertical line provides support for the possibility that a letter is a K |
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| a reaction to negative evidence for a concept, as when the presence of a vertical line presents negative evidence that a letter is a C |
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| parallel distributed processing (PDP) |
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| when information is simultaneously collected from different sources and combined to reach a decision, an "ah-ha!" (Rumelhart and McClelland) |
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| a theory that uses a neural network as a metaphor in which concepts (nodes) are linked to other concepts through excitatory and inhibitory connections |
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| the format for representing concepts in a semantic network |
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| a rule that determines how inhibitory and excitatory connections combine to determine the total activation of a concept |
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| the selective aspects of attention, we pay attention to some aspects of our environment and ignore others |
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| attempts to explain how people select information when some information-processing stage becomes overloaded with too much information |
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| investing mental effort in 1+tasks |
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| amount of mental capacity required to perform a task |
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| theory that we have a limited amount of mental effort to distribute across tasks, so there are limitations on the number of tasks we can perform at the same time |
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| proposition that a bottleneck occurs at the pattern recognition stage and that attention determines what information reaches the pattern recognition stage |
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| limited-capacity perceptual channel |
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| the pattern recognition stage of Broadbent's model, which is protected by the filter (attentions) from becoming overloaded with too much perceptual information |
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| Treisman's attenuation model |
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| I SAW THE GIRL son was WISHING, me at the bird JUMPING in the street (hearing two streams and picking which words fit together) |
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| experimental method that requires people to repeat the attended message out loud |
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| the influence of the surrounding context on the recognition of patterns |
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| minimal amount of activation required to become consciously aware of a stimulus |
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| a decrease in the perceived loudness of an unattended message |
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| proposal that the bottleneck occurs when information is selected for memory (Deutsch&Deutsch) |
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| when a limited amount of capacity is distributed to various tasks |
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| a physiological state that influences the distribution of mental capacity to various tasks |
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| an automatic influence where people direct their attention |
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| a conscious decision to allocate attention to certain tasks or aspects of the environment |
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| a theory that proposes that people's intentions and the demands of the task determine the information processing stage at which information is selected |
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| a task that typically measures how quickly people can react to a target stimulus in order to evaluate the capacity demands of the primary task |
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| performing mental operations that require very little mental effort |
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| the finding that it takes longer to name the color of the in a word is printed in when the word is the name of a competing color |
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| learning that occurs when we dont make a conscious effort to learn |
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| the use of short term memory as a temporary store for the information needed to accomplish a particular task |
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| proposal that forgetting occurs because other material interferes with the information in memory |
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| proposal that information is spontaneously lost over time , even when there is no interference from other material |
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| forgetting that occurs because of interference from material encountered after learning |
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| forgetting that occurs because of interference from material encountered before learning |
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| release from proactive interference |
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| reducing proactive interference by having information be dissimilar from earlier material |
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| the number of correct items that people can immediately recall from a sequence of items |
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| identifying stimuli that vary along a single, sensory continuum |
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| a cluster of items that has been stored as a unit in long-term memory |
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| a memory code based on the sound of the stimulus |
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| a memory code based on the meaning of the stimulus |
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| any of the basic sounds of a language that are combined to form speech |
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| silently speaking to oneself |
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| substituting a word with similar meaning for one of the words in a sentence |
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| changing the order of words in a sentence to change the meaning of the sentence |
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| using different words to express the same ideas |
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| a set of items in STM that can be compared against a test item to determine if the test item is stored there |
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| a search that stops as soon as the test item is successfully matched to an item in the memory set |
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| a search that continues until the test item is compared with all items in the memory set |
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| to create a visual or verbal code for a test item so it can be compared with the memory codes of items stored in STM |
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| to sequentially compare a test item with items in STM to determine if there's a match |
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| a measure of how much response time changes for each unit of change, along the x-axis (memory-set size) |
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| Baddeley's Working Memory Model |
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| 1)phonological loop, 2) visuospatial sketchpad, 3) central executive |
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| maintains and manipulates acoustic information |
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| maintains and manipulates visual/spatial information |
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| manages the use of working memory |
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| an integration of memory codes such as combining visual and verbal codes |
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| storage system that can integrate memory codes from different modalities (mentally forming a visual map from verbal directions) |
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