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Psyc 2150 Ch7
LTM: Encoding & Retrieval
29
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/24/2011

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Term
encoding
Definition
process of acquiring info and transferring it into LTM
Term
retrieval
Definition
transferring info from LTM to working memory
Term
maintenance rehearsal
Definition
helps maintain info in STM/WM, but it not an effective way of transferring info into LTM
Term
elaborative rehearsal
Definition
occurs when you think about the meaning of an item or make connections between the item and something you know
Term
levels of processing (LOP)
Definition
part of this theory that states that there are diff depths of processing that can be achieved as info is being encoded
Term
levels-of-processing-theory
Definition
the idea that memory depends on how info is encoded, with better memory being achieved when processing is deep than when processing is shallow. Deep processing involves attention to meaning and is associated with elaborative rehearsal. Shallow processing involves repetition with little attention to meaning and is associated with maintenance rehearsal
Term
depth of processing
Definition
the idea that the processing that occurs as an item is being encoding into memory can be deep or shallow. Deep processing involves attention to meaning and is associated with elaborate rehearsal. Shallow processing involves repetition with little attention to meaning and is associated with maintenance rehearsal
Term
shallow processing
Definition
involves little attention to meaning
Term
deep processing
Definition
involves close attention, focusing on an item's meaning and relating it to something else
Term
paired-associate learning
Definition
a list of word pairs is presented
Term
self-reference effect
Definition
memory is better if you are asked to relate a word to yourself
Term
generation effect
Definition
memory for material is better when a person generates the material him-or herself, rather than passively receiving it
Term
retrieval cue
Definition
a word or other stimulus that helps a person remember info stored in memory
Term
testing effect
Definition
enhanced performance on a memory test caused by being tested on the material to be remembered
Term
free recall
Definition
Ps are simply asked to recall stimuli
Term
cued recall
Definition
Ps are presented with retrieval cues to aid in recall of the previously experience stimuli
Term
encoding specificity
Definition
states that we encode info along with its context
Term
state-dependent learning
Definition
learning that is associated with a particular internal state, such as mood or state of awareness
Term
transfer-appropriate processing
Definition
shows that memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval
Term
spacing effect
Definition
the advantage in performance caused by short study session separated by breaks from studying
Term
medial temporal lobe (MTL)
Definition
an area in the temporal lobe that consists of the hippocampus and a # of surrounding structures. Damage to it causes problems in forming new LTMs
Term
remote memories
Definition
memory for events that occurred long ago
Term
graded amnesia
Definition
memory for recent events is more fragile than memory for remote events
Term
consolidation
Definition
process that transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption
Term
synaptic consolidation
Definition
occurs at synapses and happens rapidly, over a period of minutes
Term
systems consolidation
Definition
involves gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a longer time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years
Term
standard model of consolidation
Definition
memory retrieval depends on the hippocampus during consolidation, but that once consolidation is complete, retrieval no longer depends on the hippocampus
Term
reactivation
Definition
a process during which the hippocampus replays the neural activity associated with a memory
Term
multiple trace hypothesis
Definition
_______ states that the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of remote memories, especially episodic memories
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