idea-whatever it is that influences your behavior

-Factor that directs behavior toward a goal

Biological motivation to eat

-measurable biological factor

stomach contraction-growling

disproved by balloon in stomach

Process of hunger caused by hormones and enzymes

-burn glucose for energy.  When glucose is burned out, you begin to burn stored energy (glycogen)

-signals sent to hypothalamus: begin to crave high fat foods and sweets

-lateral hypothalamus senses adenosine (makes you tired)

-Ventromedial hypothalamus takes over when burning glucose

-insulin

-glucose

-leptin

-glucose

-conditioning

-eating schedules

-food advertisements

Which has a stronger influence on appearance?

Genes/environment

1. Thrill/adventure seeking

2. Experience seeking

3. Disinhibition

4. Susceptible to boredom

1. Need for achievement nAch

2. Need for power nPwr

3. Need for affiliation nAff

1. Preference for tasks that are difficult, but not impossible

2. Competitive

3. Preference for clear goals and feedback

4. Persistence

5. Seek responsibility

6. Will accomplish more

-human nature

1. instinct

2. Drive reduction

3. Arousal

Psychosocial Theories of motivation

-beliefs/interpretations

-social environment

1. Incentive

2. Cognitive

motivated by rewards or negative reinforcement

---->avoiding pain/punishment

Internal locus of control

5. Self-Actualization-self fulfilment

4. Esteem Needs- achieve, gain approval, excel (where psychological problems occur

3. Social Needs- affiliate w/others, be accepted

2. Safety Needs-feel secure, safe, seek pleasure-shelter

1. Physiological Needs- hunger, thirst, maintain internal body stability (homeostasis)

1. Cognitive component

2. Physiological Arousal

3. Behavioral Component

increase heart rate, muscle tension

-cognitively labeled emotion

-arousal is the same for basic emotions

-Brain stem, limbic system, and amygdala are all active before cognitive awareness

actions that indicated labeled emotion

-facial expression is best indication of emotion

part of human nature

-Biologically based, evolved from anticipatory behavior in animals

-universal across cultures

happiness

sadness

Fear

anger

Disgust

Surprise

1. James-Lange Theory

2. Cannon-Bard Theory

3. Facial Feedback Hypothesis

4. Schachter's Two Factor Theory

arousal makes us consciously aware

-Physiological arousal comes first-each emotion is distinct

-emotions result from awareness of our physiological arousal of our automatic nervous system

*Feel sad because we cry

**PROBLEM: Do not know what emotion is until you label it with facial expression

conscious awareness first, then physical reaction

-feel sad, then cry

**PROBLEM: can't be aware of having emotion before you have the arousal

emotions are triggered by behaviors

-automatic biological response interpreted as emotion and also triggers arousal

-automatic innate, unconscious imitation of others' facial expressions may lead to similar physiological reactions

*THEORY IS PARTIALLY CORRECT*

*CORRECT THEORY*

Physiological arousal and cognitive awareness do not cause one another, but you need both to experience emotion

1. necessary

2. Cognitive label

a. environment

b. your beliefs

c. interpretations

consistent pattern of behavior and emotion

-probability

1. Interview

2. Observation

3. Objective testing

Interviewing to measure personality

Structured vs Unstructured

Structured-everyone is asked the same question--"tell me the skills you bring"

Unstructured-open questions--"tell me about yourself"

*PROBLEM: self report-people lie

-check references

-probationary period

*PROBLEM: Sample bias-nonrepresentative sample

*Scientific determinant

-People report behavior and draw patterns from reported behavior

1. Openness: Openness to experience to things

2. Conscientiousness: high=responsible, organized, etc

3. Extroversion: high=sociable, outgoing, talkative

4. Agreeableness: high=cooperative, pushover

5. Neuroticism (emotional Stability on other end): high=worry, guilty, anxiety, insecure, moody--higher in women

1. Conscious

2. Pre-conscious-not aware of yet, but could retrieve

3. Unconscious-unaware

1. Id

2. Ego

3. Superego

animal instinct

desires/wants whatever feels good

-operates on the pleasure principle

intelligence, sense of self, solves problems and gets you what you want without acting like an animal

-only part of us that understands the real world

-operates on the reality principle

Sense of right and wrong-personal morals, guilt, conscience

-operates on morality principle

a. Id

b. Superego

c. Ego

d. Defense Mechanisms

1. Repression

2. Sublimation

3. Denial

4. Rationalization

5. Intellectualization

6. Projection

7. Reaction Formation

8. Regression

9. Displacement

1. Oral Stage (0-18mo)

2. Anal Stage (18mo-3yo)

3. Phallic Stage (3-6yo)

4. Latency (6yo-puberty)

5. Genital Stage (puberty-adult)

0-18mo

Babies put everything in their mouth

-If mother never let you put anything in your mouth, you never get past oral stage and will have an oral fixation

(18mo-3yo)

Tiolet training-learning to use the tiolet

-If you have an accident "a real stinker" in your pants and mom says " Gross, bad baby. You made a mess" you will learn that making a mess is bad and will become anal retentive OR will rebel--anal expressive

(3-6yo)

Learns/realizes genital differences between boys and girls

-Boys develop Oedipus Complex

-Girls develop Electra Complex

Boy's attraction to mother

-happens in Phallic stage

(6yo-puberty)

Sexual dormancy

-Development is latent

(puberty-adult)

establishing intimate relationships with the opposite sex for the purpose of reproducing

Everyone is good no matter what you do or don't do

-Emphasize internal experiences (feelings/thoughts) and the individual's own feelings of basic worth

1. Humanistic

2. Personality

3. Unconscious

4. Punishmentsx

1. Self Concept

2. Unconditional Positive Regard

3. Maslow's Heirarchy of needs

How we feel about ourselves

-Congruent with our life experiences

-Incongruency=damage to self-esteem

-Rogers emphasizes that you don't have to meet a certain condition when self esteem is low

In order to raise your self-esteem, need to make self concept independent of your behaviors

*Adults need to create unconditional atmosphere to help children develop to full potential

Avoid conditional statements

**eventhough you do something bad, it does not make you a bad person

-Personality is the quest to fulfill basic physiological needs then move upward toward highest level of self actualization

-Self-actualization is the inborn drive to develop all of one's talents and capabilities

*Client-centered therapy at esteem needs level

More Scientific Concepts of personality

-All behavior comes from observational learning from our environment

-beliefs come from observation of our own behavior

Similar to social learning

-behavior is due to beliefs but observational learning is removed--belief is due to some other reason

*Locus of Control

Explanation for the causes of behaviors

-People are really bad at doing this

1. Fundamental Attribution Error

2. Saliency Bias

3. Self-Serving Bias

4. Cultural Attributional Bias

Attribute behavior to the situation

-Error lies in attributing others' behaviors to internal rather than external reasons

Salient=obvious

-Obvious to you as to your behaviors/situations

-Situations of others are NOT salient

Take credit for our success but externalize our behaviors

-When we do something well, there is no FAE.

"I failed because of the situation.  You failed because you suck."

-FAE and Self-serving bias may depend on cultural factors

-Individualistic cultures are more likely to make attribution errors than collectivistic cultures

Learned predisposition to respond cognitively, affectively, and behaviorally to a particular object

-Beliefs about what things should be

-likelihood to respond a certain way toward a target

Feeling of discomfort resulting from a mismatch between an attitude and a behavior or between two competing attitudes

-Believe one thing, do another

*Drive reduction-we will change our beliefs to match our behavior

Learned, generally negative, attitude toward members of a group

-includes thoughts, feelings, and behavior tendencies

Feelings and emotions

-like people that are in our group, but dislike people in other groups

1. Conditioning

2. Categorization

3. Competition

4. Displacement

-Ingroup favoritism

-Outgroup Homogeneity

*Clothing is a stronger grouping than race

Ingroup Favoritism

Subcategory of ________ in causes of prejudice

Viewing members of the ingroup more positively than members of the outgroup

-Categorization

1. Cooperation towards a common goal

2. Increased contact-diminish stereotypes with more contact

3. Cognitive Retraining-Changing the way we think by disproving stereotypes

4. Cognitive Dissonance-create a mismatch between a belief and what is happening in the real world

1. Physical Attractiveness

2. Proximity

3. Similarity

Like something and think it is better because it has been around longer and have more exposure

-the more you see something/someone, the more you like it.

Attraction is due to similarity

-like someone w/same religion, beliefs

*opposites don't attract, but opposites stay together--->

stability

Special case of attraction

MORE than attraction

Sex

Strong sexual attraction

-Requires idealizing partner

1. caring

2. attachment

3. intimacy

Romantic love is gone, no physical relationship

-requires forgiving faults-->Committment

1.Normative Social influence

2. Informational Social influence

3. Reference Groups

Social norms

-need for approval and acceptance

1. Power of authority

2. Remoteness of the victim

3. Assignment of responsibility

4. Modeling or imitating

1. Self-serving bias: to make us look good-Egoistic Model

2. Evolutionary Advantage: instinctual behavior to allow group to thrive

3. Empathy: help because someone is in need, focus on other's distress

dilution or diffusion of personal responsibility for acting by spreading it among all other group members

*Need to give 1 person the responsibility*