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Psyc 110 - Unit 4 Exam
Chapters 11-14
154
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
08/05/2008

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Term
agreeableness
Definition
the tendency to be compassionate toward others and not antagonistic
Term
Barnum effect
Definition
the tendency to accept and praise vague statements about our personality
Term
big five personality traits
Definition
five traits that account for a great deal of human personality differences: neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to new experience
Term
conscientiousness
Definition
the tendency to show self-discipline, to be dutiful, and to strive for achievement and competence
Term
Emotional Stroop Test
Definition
a procedure in which someone tries to say the color of ink for a number of words, some of which might pertain to a source of worry or concern
Term
external locus of control
Definition
the belief that external forces are largely in control of the events of one's life
Term
extraversion
Definition
the tendency to seek stimulation and to enjoy the company of other people
Term
idiographic approach
Definition
an approach to the study of personality differences that concentrates on intensive studies of individuals
Term
Implicit Association Test
Definition
a procedure that measures how fast someone responds to a category that combines a topic with pleasant words or with unpleasant words
Term
internal locus of control
Definition
the belief that one is largely in control of the events of one's life
Term
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Definition
a standardized test consisting of true-false items and intended to measure various personality dimensions and clinical conditions such as depression
Term
MMPI-2
Definition
the modernized edition of the MMPI
Term
nomothetic approach
Definition
an approach to the study of individual differences that seeks general laws about how an aspect of personality affects behavior
Term
personality
Definition
Term
Rorschach Inkblots
Definition
a projective personality technique; people are shown 10 inkblots and asked what each might be depicting
Term
self-concept social interest
Definition
Term
standardized test
Definition
a test that is administered according to specified rules and its scores are interpreted in a prescribed fashion
Term
state
Definition
a temporary activation of a particular behavior
Term
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Definition
a projective personality technique; a person is asked to tell a story about each of 20 pictures
Term
trait
Definition
a consistent, long-lasting tendency in behavior
Term
trait approach to personality
Definition
Term
unshared environment
Definition
the aspects of environment that differ from one individual to another, even within a family
Term
acrophobia
Definition
fear of high places
Term
acute stress disorder
Definition
a disorder, like PTSD, that is characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness and caused by a traumatic event. Acute stress disorder occurs within a month of the event and lasts from 2 days to 4 weeks.
Term
agoraphobia
Definition
fear of open, crowded places
Term
antisocial personality disorder
Definition
the diagnosis given a person who is in frequent conflict with society, yet who is undeterred by punishment and experiences little or no guilt and anxiety
Term
attributional style
Definition
the tendency to attribute one's behavior to internal or external factors, stable or unstable factors, and so on
Term
avoidant personality disorder
Definition
a personality disorder in which the person in unwilling to enter relationships without assurance of acceptance because of fears of rejection and criticism
Term
benzodiazepines
Definition
a class of drugs that reduce anxiety; minor tranquilizers
Term
bipolar disorder
Definition
a disorder in which the mood alternates between two extreme poles (elation and depression). Also referred to as manic-depression.
Term
borderline personality disorder
Definition
a personality disorder characterized by instability in relationships, self-image, mood, and lack of impulse control
Term
catatonic schizophrenia
Definition
a type of schizophrenia characterized by striking motor impairment
Term
claustrophobia
Definition
fear of tight, small places
Term
complusion
Definition
an irresistible urge to repeat an act or engage in ritualistic behavior like hand washing
Term
concordance
Definition
agreement
Term
conversion disorder
Definition
a disorder in which anxiety or unconscious conflicts are "converted" into physical symptoms that often have the effect of helping the person cope with anxiety or conflict
Term
delusions
Definition
false, persistent beliefs that are unsubstantiated by sensory or objective evidence
Term
disorganized schizophrenia
Definition
a type of schizophrenia characterized by disorganized delusions and vivid hallucinations
Term
dissociative amnesia
Definition
a dissociative disorder marked by loss of memory or self-identity; skills and general knowledge are usually retained. Previously termed psychogenic amnesia.
Term
dissociative disorders
Definition
disorders in which there are sudden, temporary changes in consciousness or self-identity
Term
dissociative fugue
Definition
a dissociative disorder in which one experiences amnesia and then flees to a new location. Previously termed psychogenic fugue.
Term
dissociative identity disorder
Definition
a disorder in which person appears to have two or more distinct identities or personalities that may alternately emerge
Term
gamma-aminobutryic acid (GABA)
Definition
an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is implicated in anxiety reactions
Term
generalized anxiety disorder
Definition
feelings of dread and foreboding and sympathetic arousal of at least 6 months' duration
Term
glutamate
Definition
an excitatory neurotransmitter that is involved in anxiety reactions
Term
hallucination
Definition
a perception in the absence of sensory stimulation that is confused with reality
Term
hypochondriasis
Definition
persistent belief that oen is ill despite lack of medical findings
Term
ideas of persecution
Definition
erroneous beliefs that one is being victimized or persecuted
Term
insanity
Definition
a legal term descriptive of a person judged to be incapable of recognizing right from wrong or of conforming his or her behavior to the law
Term
la belle indifference
Definition
a French term descriptive of the lack of concern sometimes shown by people with conversion disorders
Term
learned helplessness
Definition
a model for the acquisition of depressive behavior, based on findings that organisms in aversive situations learn to show inactivity when their operants go unreinforced
Term
major depressive disorder
Definition
a serious to severe depressive disorder in which the person may show loss of appetite, psychomotor retardation, and impaired reality testing
Term
manic
Definition
elated, showing excessive excitement
Term
multiple personality disorder
Definition
the previous term for dissociative identity disorder
Term
mutism
Definition
refusal to talk
Term
neuroticism
Definition
a personality trait characterized largely by persistent anxiety
Term
obsession
Definition
a recurring thought or image that seems beyond control
Term
panic disorder
Definition
the recurrent experiencing of attacks of extreme anxiety in the absence of external stimuli that usually elicit anxiety
Term
paranoid disorder
Definition
a personality disorder characterized by persistent suspiciousness but not involving the disorganization for paranoid schizophrenia
Term
paranoid schizophrenia
Definition
a type of schizophrenia characterized primarily by delusions — commonly of persecution — and by vivid hallucinations
Term
personality disorders
Definition
enduring patterns of maladaptive behavior that are sources of distress to the individual or others
Term
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Definition
a disorder that follows a distressing event outside the range of normal human experience and that is characterized by features such as intense fear, avoidance of stimuli associated with the event, and reliving of the event
Term
psychological disorders
Definition
patterns of behavior or mental processes that are connected with emotional distress or significant impairment in functioning
Term
psychomotor retardation
Definition
slowness in motor activity and (apparently) in thought
Term
rapid flight of ideas
Definition
rapid speech and topic changes, characteristic of manic behavior
Term
schizoid personality disorder
Definition
a personality disorder characterized by social withdrawal
Term
schizophrenia
Definition
a psychotic disorder characterized by loss of control of thought processes and inappropriate emotional responses
Term
schizotypal personality disorder
Definition
a personality disorder characterized by oddities of thought and behavior but not involving bizarre psychotic behaviors
Term
social phobia
Definition
an irrational, excessive fear of public scrutiny
Term
somatoform disorders
Definition
disorders in which people complain of physical (somatic) problems even though no physical abnormality can be found
Term
specific phobia
Definition
persistent fear of a specific object or situation
Term
stupor
Definition
a condition in which the senses, thought, and movement are dulled
Term
waxy flexibility
Definition
a feature of catatonic schizophrenia in which people can be molded into postures that they maintain for quite some time
Term
antidepressant
Definition
acting to relieve depression
Term
asylum
Definition
an institution for the care of the mentally ill
Term
aversive conditioning
Definition
a behavior-therapy technique in which undesired responses are inhibited by pairing repugnant or offensive stimuli with them
Term
behavior rehearsal
Definition
practice
Term
behavior therapy
Definition
systematic application of the principles of learning to the direct modification of a client's problem behaviors
Term
biofeedback training (BFT)
Definition
the systematic feeding back to an organism of information about a bodily function so that the organism can gain control of that function
Term
catharsis
Definition
in psychoanalysis, the expression of repressed feelings and impulses to allow the release of the psychic energy associated with them
Term
client-centered therapy
Definition
Carl Rogers' method of psychotherapy, which emphasizes the creation of a warm, therapeutic atmosphere that frees clients to engage in self-exploration and self-expression
Term
cognitive therapy
Definition
a form of therapy that focuses on how clients' cognitions (expectations, attitudes, beliefs, etc.) lead to distress and may be modified to relieve distress and promote adaptive behavior
Term
ego analyst
Definition
a psychodynamically oriented therapist who focuses on the conscious, coping behavior of the ego instead of the hypothesized, unconscious functioning of the id
Term
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Definition
treatment of disorders like major depression by passing an electric current (that causes a convulsion) through the head
Term
empathic understanding
Definition
ability to perceive a client's feelings from the client's frame of reference. A quality of the good client-centered therapist.
Term
encounter group
Definition
a type of group that aims to foster self-awareness by focusing on how group members relate to each other in a setting that encourages open expression of feelings
Term
family therapy
Definition
a form of therapy in which the family unit is treated as the client
Term
feedback
Definition
in assertiveness training, information about the effectiveness of a response
Term
frame of reference
Definition
one's unique patterning of perceptions and attitudes, according to which one evaluates events
Term
free association
Definition
in psychoanalysis, the uncensored uttering of all thoughts that come to mind
Term
functional analysis
Definition
a systematic study of behavior in which one identifies the stimuli that trigger problem behavior and the reinforcers that maintain it
Term
genuineness
Definition
recognition and open expression of the therapist's own feelings
Term
Gestalt therapy
Definition
Fritz Perls' form of psychotherapy, which attempts to integrate conflicting parts of the personality through directive methods designed to help clients perceive their whole selves
Term
hierarchy
Definition
an arrangement of stimuli according to the amount of fear they evoke
Term
interpretation
Definition
an explanation of a client's utterance according to the psychoanalytic theory
Term
latent content
Definition
in psychodynamic theory, the symbolized or underlying content of dreams
Term
manifest content
Definition
in psychodynamic theory, the reported content of dreams
Term
meta-analysis
Definition
a method for combining and averaging the results of individual research studies
Term
modeling
Definition
the natural tendency to imitate the behavior of significant others
Term
phallic symbol
Definition
a sign that represents the penis
Term
prefrontal lobotomy
Definition
the severing or destruction of a section of the frontal lobe of the brain
Term
psychoanalysis
Definition
Freud's method of psychotherapy
Term
psychotherapy
Definition
a systematic interaction between a therapist and a client that brings psychological principles to bear on influencing the client's thoughts, feelings, or behavior to help that client overcome abnormal behavior or adjust to problems in living
Term
rapid smoking
Definition
an aversive conditioning method for quitting smoking in which the smoker inhales every 6 seconds , thus rendering once-desirable cigarette smoke aversive
Term
rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
Definition
Albert Ellis' form of therapy that encourages clients to challenge and correct irrational expectations and maladaptive behaviors
Term
rebound anxiety
Definition
anxiety that can occur when one discontinues use of a tranquilizer
Term
resistance
Definition
the tendency to block the free expression of impulses and primitive ideas — a reflection of the defense mechanism of repression
Term
sedative psychosurgery
Definition
Term
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Definition
antidepressant drugs that work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin by presynaptic neurons
Term
self-monitoring
Definition
keeping a record of one's own behavior to identify problems and record successes
Term
successive approximations
Definition
in operant conditioning, a series of behaviors that gradually become more similar to a target behavior
Term
systematic desensitization
Definition
Wolpe's method for reducing fears by associating a hierarchy of images of fear-evoking stimuli with deep muscle relaxation
Term
token economy
Definition
a controlled environment in which people are reinforced for desired behaviors with tokens (such as poker chips) that may be exchanged for privileges
Term
transference
Definition
responding to one person (such as a spouse or the psychoanalyst) in a way that is similar to the way one responded to another person (such as a parent) in childhood
Term
unconditional positive regard
Definition
acceptance of the value of another person, although not necessarily acceptance of everything the person does
Term
wish fulfillment
Definition
a primitive method used by the id to attempt to gratify basic instincts
Term
attitudes
Definition
orientations that locate objects of thought on dimensions of judgment
Term
attributions
Definition
inferences that people draw about the causes of events, others' behavior, and their own behavior
Term
bystander effect
Definition
a paradoxical social phenomenon in which people are less likely to provide needed help when they are in groups than when they are alone
Term
cognitive dissonance
Definition
a psychological state that exists when related cognitions are inconsistent
Term
collectivism
Definition
putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one's identity in terms of the groups one belongs to
Term
conformity
Definition
the tendency for people to yield to real or imagined social pressure
Term
counterattitudinal behavior
Definition
Term
defensive attribution
Definition
the tendency to blame victims for their misfortune, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way
Term
diffusion of responsibility
Definition
Term
discrimination
Definition
behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group
Term
effort justification
Definition
Term
ethnocentrism
Definition
Term
external attributions
Definition
ascribing the causes of behavior to situational demands and environmental constraints
Term
foot-in-the-door technique
Definition
getting people to agree to a small request to increase the chances that they will agree to a larger request later
Term
fundamental attribution error
Definition
observers; bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others' behavior
Term
group
Definition
two or more individuals who interact and are interdpendent
Term
group cohesiveness
Definition
the strength of the liking relationships linking group members to each other and to the group itself
Term
group polarization
Definition
a phenomenon that occurs when group discussion strengthens a group's dominant point of view and produces a shift toward a more extreme decision in that direction
Term
groupthink
Definition
a process in which members of a cohesive group emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking in arriving at a decision
Term
hindsight bias
Definition
Term
illusory correlation
Definition
a misperception that occurs when people estimate that they have encountered more confirmations of an association between social traits than they have actually seen
Term
individualism
Definition
putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships
Term
ingroup
Definition
the group that people belong to and identify with
Term
internal attributions
Definition
ascribing the causes of behavior to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings
Term
interpersonal attraction
Definition
positive feelings toward another
Term
lowball technique
Definition
getting someone to commit to an attractive proposition before revealing the hidden costs
Term
matching hypothesis
Definition
the idea that males and females of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners
Term
outgroup
Definition
people who are not part of the ingroup
Term
person perception
Definition
the process of forming impressions of others
Term
prejudice
Definition
a negative attitude held toward members of a group
Term
reciprocity
Definition
liking those who show that they like you
Term
reciprocity norm
Definition
the rule that people should pay back in kind what they receive from others
Term
self effacing bias
Definition
Term
self-serving bias
Definition
the tendency to attribute one's successes to personal factors and one's failures to situational factors
Term
social loafing
Definition
a reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups as compared to when they work by tehmselves
Term
social schemas
Definition
organized clusters of ideas about categories of social events and people
Term
spotlight effect
Definition
Term
stereotypes
Definition
widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group
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