A 9-year-old girl learning to be competent at school would be in Erikson's psychosocial stage of:
industry vs. inferiority.
identity vs. role confusion.
autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
integrity vs. despair.
Definition
industry vs. inferiority.
Term
A correlation does not indicate that one variable causes the other to occur; rather, it indicates that there is a ______ between the two variables.
proof
validity
reliability
relationship
Definition
relationship
Term
A sociocultural theorist would agree that:
even an overwhelmed novice can learn new skills.
standards must be met regardless of the student's skill level.
the same manner of teaching can work for any individual.
Definition
Term
According to Freud, sexual needs are relatively quiet during which stage of development?
toddlerhood
latency
adulthood
infancy
Definition
Term
Cohort refers to a group of people who:
hold the same political beliefs.
are born within a few years of one another.
support each other in times of stress.
participate in a scientific experiment.
Definition
are born within a few years of one another.
Term
In many cultures around the world, people believe that it is the husband's responsibility to earn the majority of the income for the family. This is an example of:
an ethnic belief
a racial bias
a social construction
heritage
Definition
a social construction
Term
Sheila believes that she is in control of her own behaviors and that she can manipulate her environment to achieve what she wants to achieve. Social learning theorists would say that Sheila has a high sense of:
trust.
operational efficiency.
behavioral control.
self-efficacy.
Definition
self-efficacy.
Term
The first step in the scientific method involves:
Definition
Posing a question.
Term
The psychosocial stage in which people try to see their lives as a worthy and justifiable whole is:
identity vs. role confusion.
the formal operational stage.
integrity vs. despair.
the genital stage.
Definition
integrity vs. despair.
Term
The theory that arose in direct opposition to psychoanalytic and behaviorist theories is:
humanism.
cognitive.
epigenetic.
sociocultural.
Definition
humanism.
Term
To study how members of a particular group change or remain the same as they grow older, the best method is:
cross-sectional research.
a survey at the end of the time period.
longitudinal research.
establishing an experimental group and a control group.
Definition
longitudinal research.
Term
Unlike Freud, Erikson's psychosocial theory emphasizes:
the logic that underlies thought processes.
the inherent rewards and punishments of living.
active mental processes.
the social and cultural environment.
Definition
the social and cultural environment.
Term
What did Harlow notice in his monkeys that led him to question psychoanalytic and learning theories?
Some of them showed no love for their mothers.
They showed a stronger attachment to their cloth mothers than to their bottles.
Some of them refused to eat from a bottle.
They seemed to be comforted by their bottles in times of fear.
Definition
They showed a stronger attachment to their cloth mothers than to their bottles.
Term
When a person can understand new experience using his existing thoughts and ideas, he has achieved:
cognitive dissonance.
discordance.
cognitive equilibrium
concordance.
Definition
cognitive equilibrium
Term
Which of the following is a primary difference between behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory?
Psychoanalytic theory holds that the unconscious is unknowable and therefore irrelevant to describing behavior, while behaviorism believes that the only way to correct unwanted behavior is to understand the unconscious.
Psychoanalytic theory places little emphasis on a child's relationship with her parents, while behaviorism believes that this relationship is key in explaining behavior.
Psychoanalytic theory believes that observable behavior is a symptom of unconscious drives, while behaviorism believes that observable behaviors are all that matter.
Behaviorism believes that scientific scrutiny is of little importance in supporting theories, while psychoanalysis has its roots in the scientific method.
Definition
Psychoanalytic theory believes that observable behavior is a symptom of unconscious drives, while behaviorism believes that observable behaviors are all that matter.
Term
Which of the following is an example of a survey method?
personal interviews
IQ test scores
height/weight statistics
school grades
Definition
personal interviews
Term
Which of the following is the best definition of “dependent variable”?
Definition
It is the measured variable that may change depending upon manipulation of an experimental variable.
Term
Which of the following numbers indicates the weakest correlational relationship?
Definition
.05
Term
Zeke is reviewing a research study design for a co-worker. In it, he discovers a procedure that is questionable in terms of participant safety. For guidance, he turns to his academic discipline's:
policies and procedures.
code of ethics
participant rules
conditions of liability
Definition
code of ethics
Term
n order to prevent a researcher's bias from interfering with ethical data collection and reporting, which of the following is an important part of the research process?
Definition
providing details of the study which will allow for replication
Term
The concept of the zone of proximal development suggests that the parent or teacher:
dictate the child's interests and abilities.
urge the child far beyond his or her current skill level.
hold the child back until he or she can perform the skills independently.
provide support as the child takes on new challenges.
Definition
provide support as the child takes on new challenges.
Term
The theory that arose in direct opposition to psychoanalytic and behaviorist theories is:
humanism.
cognitive.
epigenetic.
sociocultural.
Definition
humanism.
Term
The psychosocial stage in which people try to see their lives as a worthy and justifiable whole is:
identity vs. role confusion.
the formal operational stage.
integrity vs. despair
the genital stage.
Definition
integrity vs. despair
Term
According to Piaget, cognitive growth is promoted by a need for:
assimilation.
models.
reinforcement.
equilibrium.
Definition
equilibrium
Term
A dog learns to “shake paws” on command because it has been given dog biscuits for doing so. This is an example of:
classical conditioning.
operant conditioning.
cognitive conditioning.
stimulus conditioning.
Definition
operant conditioning.
Term
A 9-year-old girl learning to be competent at school would be in Erikson's psychosocial stage of:
industry vs. inferiority.
identity vs. role confusion.
autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
integrity vs. despair.
Definition
industry vs. inferiority.
Term
The process of selective adaptation continues over a period of:
two to three weeks.
two to three months.
five to ten years.
many generations.
Definition
many generations.
Term
One difference between sperm cells and ova is that:
ova carry an X chromosome, whereas sperm carry either an X or a Y chromosome.
ova carry two X chromosomes, whereas sperm carry two Y chromosomes.
sperm carry more genetic material than ova do.
sperm carry two X chromosomes, whereas ova carry an X and a Y chromosome.
Definition
ova carry an X chromosome, whereas sperm carry either an X or a Y chromosome.
Term
Trisomy-21 is also called:
fragile-X syndrome.
Down syndrome.
muscular dystrophy.
Klinefelter syndrome.
Definition
Down syndrome.
Term
Which of the following is important to remember when considering that genes are a major influence on behaviors, disease, and disorders?
Identify the accurate statement about genetic interaction:
Patterns of gene interaction are predictable.
The presence of a dominant gene will suppress any recessive genes.
The final product of additive genes is the average of all the contributions.
Some genes behave differently depending on which parent they come from
Definition
Some genes behave differently depending on which parent they come from
Term
Henry was adopted and is genetically predisposed toward alcoholism. However, his adoptive family does not drink; they actively avoid alcohol for religious reasons. Given Henry's genetic potential:
he will most certainly become an alcoholic later in life.
he may drink without worry as an adult because of his early upbringing.
alcoholism might not appear in Henry's phenotype.
alcoholism may alter his genotype.
Definition
alcoholism might not appear in Henry's phenotype.
Term
Which of the following statements is true regarding new discoveries about genotypes and phenotypes?
Genes affect only a handful of behaviors.
Most environmental influences on children raised in the same home are not shared.
People tend to choose friends and associates based solely on social interactions.
In nonidentical twins, genes elicit responses that are not explained in our current understanding.
Definition
Most environmental influences on children raised in the same home are not shared.
Term
When a particular inherited characteristic is controlled more by one gene of a pair than by the other, the stronger gene is called:
dominant.
phenotypic.
recessive.
genotypic.
Definition
dominant.
Term
Approximately how many cells make up the average adult human body?
100 million
10 trillion
100 trillion
1000 trillion
Definition
100 trillion
Term
Beverly and Donald have been unable to conceive through sexual intercourse. They go to a clinic where Donald's sperm is mixed with Beverly's ova in a glass laboratory dish. Viable embryos are later implanted in Beverly's uterus. Which of the following procedures has been performed?
in vitro fertilization
ICVF
artificial insemination
Definition
in vitro fertilization
Term
Chromosomal abnormalities are most often associated with:
paternal age.
maternal age.
environmental agents.
use of illegal drugs.
Definition
maternal age.
Term
One of the genes for eye color from the mother matches exactly with a gene from the father at the moment of conception. This pair of genes is said to be:
heterozygous.
pair-matched.
homozygous.
monozygotic.
Definition
homozygous.
Term
Which of the following statements is true regarding new discoveries about genotypes and phenotypes?
Genes affect only a handful of behaviors.
Most environmental influences on children raised in the same home are not shared
People tend to choose friends and associates based solely on social interactions.
In nonidentical twins, genes elicit responses that are not explained in our current understanding.
Definition
Most environmental influences on children raised in the same home are not shared
Term
Which of the following best defines an allele?
any of the possible forms in which bases can arrange themselves to form a protein
a segment of a gene composed of DNA
any of the possible forms in which a gene for a particular trait can occur
an amino acid combination which makes up a protein chain
Definition
any of the possible forms in which a gene for a particular trait can occur
Term
Genetic disorders that are dominant are:
never expressed.
always expressed.
usually hidden.
frequently expressed.
Definition
always expressed.
Term
When a sperm and ovum unite, what is formed?
a gene
a fetus
a baby
a zygote
Definition
a zygote
Term
Which of the following is a major contributor to the fact that the human race has survived in spite of diseases such as malaria, the plague, and possibly even HIV?
Definition
the broad diversity of our genome
Term
A person's sex is determined by:
Definition
the 23rd pair of chromosomes.
Term
An XX pattern in the 23rd pair of chromosomes indicates the fetus will:
Definition
be female.
Term
The best policy regarding prescription drugs during pregnancy is
Definition
take drugs only if medically necessary, prescribed by a knowledgeable doctor.
Term
The age of viability refers to the point when the preterm newborn:
Definition
can survive outside the uterus.
Term
About a week after conception, the outer layer of the multiplying cells forms a protective circle or shell that will become the:
Definition
placenta.
Term
In order, the three main periods of prenatal growth are:
Definition
germinal, embryonic, fetal.
Term
During prenatal development, a particular organ or body part is most vulnerable to exposure to teratogens during its:
Definition
critical period
Term
Anoxia refers to:
Definition
lack of oxygen
Term
The second stage of labor begins when the:
Definition
baby's head appears at the opening of the vagina.
Term
How long is the fetal period?
Definition
from nine weeks after conception until birth
Term
Brain damage, loss of vision, and mental retardation which may be caused by eating undercooked meat and handling cat feces or garden dirt is attributable to:
Definition
toxoplasmosis.
Term
The neural tube will become the:
Definition
brain and spinal cord.
Term
At birth, the brain has ____________________.
Definition
billions of neurons
Term
A norm is a(n) ____________ for a particular population.
Definition
average
Term
On average, which of the following is the last gross motor skill to develop?
Definition
stand alone
Term
What is true regarding isolation and deprivation?
Definition
Isolation and sensory deprivation can harm the developing brain.
Term
Which of the following statements regarding problems with immunizations is true?
Definition
The risks of disease are far greater than the risks associated with immunization.
Term
Over the first few months of infancy, the amount of time spent in REM (dreaming) sleep
Definition
decreases.
Term
Nerve cells of the central nervous system that are found primarily in the brain are referred to as:
Definition
neurons
Term
Most infants begin to crawl between:
Definition
8 and 10 months after birth.
Term
Ninety-five percent of all babies master walking by ____ months.
Definition
15
Term
Co-sleeping infants:
Definition
wake up twice as often as solo-sleeping infants.
Term
What is a synapse?
Definition
The intersection between neurons.
Term
Which term is used to describe the process in which unused neurons die?
Definition
pruning
Term
Which of the following is a likely explanation for why first-born infants are more likely to exhibit sleep problems than later-borns?
Definition
First-borns generally receive more attention, which may disrupt their sleep patterns.
Term
Which term describes what occurs when the brain notices and processes a sensation?
Definition
perception
Term
According to the text, which three factors enable toddlers to walk?
Definition
muscle strength, brain maturation, and practice
Term
What area of the brain assists in planning, self-control, and self-regulation?
Definition
frontal cortex
Term
On average, which of the following is the last gross motor skill to develop?
Definition
stand alone
Term
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) indicates that infants:
Definition
have memories, goals, and mental combinations in advance of Piaget's stages.
Term
Most babies speak their first recognizable words at:
Definition
12 months
Term
Cultural differences in communication appear to influence:
Definition
the ratio of nouns to verbs and adjectives.
Term
How does a child learn language?
Definition
All of these answers could be correct.
Term
When do infants begin learning language?
Definition
before birth
Term
The results of subsequent experiments were inconsistent with the conclusions of Piaget by demonstrating that infants:
Definition
have some understanding of object permanence as young as 4 months.
Term
According to Piaget, at what age do infants begin to anticipate and solve simple problems by using mental combinations?
Definition
18 to 24 months
Term
A single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought is called a:
Definition
holophrase.
Term
Which is TRUE of deaf babies and babbling?
Definition
Term
The importance of using gestures when speaking to babies is that:
Definition
gestures allow babies to communicate earlier.
Term
The technique ______ can measure changes in activity ANYWHERE in the brain.
Definition
fMRI
Term
Recent research on early affordances provides evidence that:
Definition
input becomes quicker with age, and cognitive processing advances.
Term
What is an infant's first means of communication?
Definition
crying
Term
What happens when a child is able to speak about 50 words?
Definition
The progression of language acquisition increases dramatically.
Term
Word order, prefixes, suffixes, intonation, verb forms, pronouns, negations, prepositions, and articles are called:
Definition
grammar.
Term
Most developmentalists agree that very young infants can remember if:
Definition
[image]
Term
Which is TRUE of babbling?
Definition
No reinforcement or teaching is necessary.
Term
Primary circular reactions involve:
Definition
the infant's own body
Term
Toddlers ages 16 to 20 months are able to:
Definition
[image]
Term
What occurs when infants change from sucking their mother's breast to sucking a pacifier?
Definition
adaptation
Term
The toilet-training method in which children would drink their favorite juice, sit on the potty, and be praised when the inevitable occurred is from the:
Definition
behaviorist theory.
Term
Pretending and using the words "I," "me," "mine," and "myself" are evidence that the child has developed:
Definition
self-recognition.
Term
The still-face technique:
Definition
shows that babies expect a positive response from their caregivers.
Term
When does an infant normally begin to express anger?
Definition
6 months
Term
Self-awareness is a:
Definition
realization that one's mind, body, and actions are separate from those of other people.
Term
Freud's first stage of psychosexual development is:
Definition
oral.
Term
Which of the following is one of the key aspects of the Strange Situation?
Definition
exploration of toys
Term
Some Western parents rarely hold their infants except to:
Definition
restrain them to enforce separation.
Term
An infant may see his or her own body as associated with the bodies of others because the boundaries between the sensory parts of the cortex are less distinct. This is referred to as:
Definition
cross-model perception.
Term
A person dressed in an Easter bunny costume approaches 2-year-old Robyn to give her candy. She begins to cry loudly and clings to her mother. Robyn is exhibiting:
Definition
stranger wariness.
Term
An infant may see his or her own body as associated with the bodies of others because the boundaries between the sensory parts of the cortex are less distinct. This is referred to as:
Definition
cross-model perception.
Term
Which theorist is associated with a laboratory procedure called the Strange Situation?
Definition
Ainsworth
Term
What is Erikson's second crisis of life?
Definition
autonomy versus shame and doubt
Term
Self-awareness is a:
Definition
realization that one's mind, body, and actions are separate from those of other people.
Term
__________ would trace a person's excessive eating, drinking, or talking to how that person's mother handled his or her urge to suck during infancy.
Definition
Freud
Term
When an infant is fearful of strangers, he or she is exhibiting:
Definition
stranger wariness.
Term
The experimental practice in which adults stare at their baby and remain expressionless is called:
Definition
the still-face technique.
Term
A temperamental adjustment that allows smooth infant-caregiver interaction is called:
