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| To behave in a cheerful, hopeful, enthusiastic way |
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| Central concept of personality |
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| Refers to an individual's unique set of consistent behavioral traits |
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| a durable dispositionn to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations |
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| Reduced 171 personality traits to 16 basic dimensions of personality, by a procedure called FACTOR ANALYSIS |
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| Correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables |
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| Raymon Cattell concluded... |
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| An individuals personality can be described completely by measuring justg 16 TRAITS |
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| The "Five-Factor Model of Personality Traits" |
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1. Extraversion
2. Neuroticism
3. Openness to Experience
4. Agreeableness
5. Consciousness |
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| Outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, assertive, & gregarious |
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| Talkative, sociable, fun-loving,& affectionate |
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| Sympathetic, warm, & Cooperative |
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| Ethical, dependable, & productive |
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| Behavior across situations overtime |
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1. Allport
2. Cattell
3. Mcrae & Costa |
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| - Identified 4,500 traits |
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| "Cardinal Traits" (Allport) |
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| Trait that dominates an individual's entire personality |
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| "Central Traits" (Allport) |
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| Common traits that make up our personalities [kind, honest, friendly] |
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| "Secondary Traits" (Allport) |
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| Traits that are only present under certain conditions & circumstances [Nervous before delivering a speech] |
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1. Clinical diagnoses (BDI, MMPI-2)
2. Counseling Issues (vocational)
3. Formal Assessment for hiring (I/O)
4. Pscychological Research |
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1. Self-Report Inventories
2. Projective tests |
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| "Self-Report Inventories" |
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| Test that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behavior (likert scales, T/F Questions) |
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Ambiguous materials serve as a blank screen onto which people project their characteristic concerns, conflicts, needs
*PURPOSE: Uncover unconscious, wishes, thoughts |
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1. Rovschach Ink Blots
2. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
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- 10 cards with symmetrical inkblot images
- Reveals how client views his/her world |
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| "Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)" |
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- Required emotionally disturbed clients for insight & personal growth
- 30 proactive, amibuous pictures |
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| Levels of Awareness: "Conscious" |
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| Whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time |
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| Levels of Awareness: "PreConscious" |
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| Contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be treated |
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| Levels of Awareness: "UnConscious" |
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| Thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior |
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| Largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt |
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| Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious |
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| Attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another |
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| Diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitue target |
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| Behaving in a way that's exactly the opposite of one's true feelings |
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| Reversion to immature patterns of behavior |
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| Bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group |
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| Occurs when unconscious, unacceptable impulses are channeled into socially acceptable, perhaps even admirable, behaviors |
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| Developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality |
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| Failure to move foward from one stage to another as expected |
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| "Fixation" can be caused by? |
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| EXCESSIVE GRATIFICATION of a particular need, or by EXCESSIVE FRUSTRATION of those needs |
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| Development: Psychosexual Stages "Oral Stage" |
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| Could form the basis for obsessive eating or smoking later in life, among many other things |
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| Development: Psychosexual Stages "Anal Stage" |
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- Crucial event is toilet training
- Anxiety from toilet training could evolve into anxiety about sexual activities later in life |
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| Development: Psychosexual Stages "Phallic Stage" |
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- Boys feel hostility towards father
- Attracted to mother
- (Oedipal Complex)Conflict with father, feel for competition for mom |
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| Children manifest erotically tinged desires for their opposite sex parent, accompanied by feelings or hostility toward the same-sex parent |
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| "Latency & Genital Stage" |
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- Around age 6 through puberty, the child's sexuality is largely suppressed
- Expanding social contacts beyond the immediate family
- Sexual urges appear |
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| Carl Jung's "Analytical Psychology" consists of 2 layers: |
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1. Personal Unconscious
2. Collective unconscious |
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| Houses material that is not within one's conscious awareness because it has been repressed or forgotten |
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| the "Collective UnConscious" |
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| Storehouse of LATENT MEMORY traces inherited from people's ancestral past |
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| Jung called these ancestral memories? |
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| Emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning |
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| According to Alfred Alder, the foremost source of human motivation is? |
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| a "Striving for Superiority" |
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| "Striving for Superiority" |
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| Universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life's challenges |
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| Involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one's abilities |
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| Exaggerated feelings or weaknesses & inadequacy |
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| Evaluating Psychodynamic Perspectives |
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1. Unconscious forces can influence behavior
2. Internal conflict often plays a key role in generating psychological distress
3. Early childhood experiences can have powerful influences on adult personality
4. People use defense mechanisms to reduce their experience of unpleasant emotions |
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| the "Reciprocal Determination" |
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| The idea that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behavior all influence one another |
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| Occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models |
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| A person whose behavior is observed by another |
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| Refers to one's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes |
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| Walter Mischel version of social learning theory predicts... |
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| People often behave differently in different situations |
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| Theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth |
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| a collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior |
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| the degree of disparity between one's self-concept and one's actual experience |
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| a systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused |
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| "Need for self-actualization" |
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| the need to fulfill one's potential |
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| "Self-actualizing persons" |
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| people with exceptionally healthy personalities, marked by continued personal growth |
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| Personality trait marked by an inflated sense of importance, a need for attention and admiration, a sense of entitlement, and a tendency to exploit others |
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| the degree to which subjects' mortallity is prominent in their minds |
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| Involves putting personal goals ahead of gruop goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships |
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| Involves putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one's identity in terms of the groups one belongs to |
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| "Self-report Inventories" |
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| Personality tests that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behavior |
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| Ask participants to respond to vague, ambiguous stimuli in ways that may reveal that subjects' needs, feelings, and personality traits |
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