Term
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Definition
The tendency to give a causal explanation for someone's behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
e.g. The student is late because their alarm didn't go off, or because they are lazy. |
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Term
| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation, and overestimate the impact of personal disposition.
e.g. People have a tendency to believe that a student is late because they are lazy and irresponsible, rather than attributing it to the situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| How we explain someone's behavior affects how we react to it and is affected by our inner attitudes as well as external social influences. |
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Term
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Definition
The belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.
e.g. "I believe that people are basically good, but have the capacity for evil." |
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Term
| Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
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Definition
| When our behaviors and beliefs/values are inconsistent we may experience dissonance (anxiety,guilt), and we attempt to reduce the discomfort by changing our beliefs or our behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. |
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Term
| Normative Social Influence |
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Definition
| Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. |
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Term
| Asch's Conformity Experiments |
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Definition
| Using six people, only one of whom was the subject, they were shown posters of lines of different lengths. Confederates (those working with researcher) gave wrong answers and influenced the answers of the test subject. |
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Term
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Definition
| Due to the stance of the group, something about them convinces us that they are right |
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Term
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Definition
| Sometimes we yield because we are apprehensive that the group will disapprove if we are deviant |
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Term
| Milgram's Study of Obedience |
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Definition
| Asking subjects, "How far would you go in shocking the learner for correct responses?", confederates pretended to exclaim or scream in response to the level of the shock given by the test subjects. |
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Term
| Zimbardo's Prison Experiment |
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Definition
| Students at Stanford University were randomly assigned to be either prison guards or prisoners, proving that "When ordinary people are put in a novel, evil place, such as most prisons, Situations Win, People Lose." |
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Term
| Conformity from Islamic Perspective |
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Definition
| There is nothing wrong with conformity per se, but as obedience to Allah and the Prophet Muhammad is emphasized, we should not conform with the group, if it means we must go against the teachings of Islam. |
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Term
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Definition
| Improved performance of tasks in the presence of others, which occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Selfless acts done for another's benefit without expecting anything in return, or even experiencing loss as a result. |
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Term
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Definition
| Challenging the assumption that all people in all cultures have exactly the same psychological processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Embodiment of a worldview through learned and transmitted beliefs, values, and practices. |
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Term
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Definition
| Findings that appear to be consistent across different cultures, a universal truth or principle |
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Term
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Definition
| Findings that appear to be different across cultures, truths that are culture-specific, such as 'urf' in Islamic law. |
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Term
| Individualism-Collectivism |
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Definition
| How strong are connections between an individual and the group, how important the individual is versus the group, we-me. |
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Term
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Definition
| Society as a whole has more meaning or value than the separate individuals that make up that society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each person may live his own life for his own happiness, as an end to himself, with emphasis on self-reliance, independence from others, and uniqueness. |
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Term
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Definition
| How much a society has accepted long-term dedications to traditional, future-oriented values like saving, persistence, conscientiousness. |
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Term
| The Big Five Personality Traits |
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Definition
| Openness, Conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism |
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Term
| The Influences of the Unseen |
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Definition
| Allah, Angels, Jinn, Soul |
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Term
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Definition
| Devout, God-inspired peace of mind, calm, tranquility, peace, a grace of Allah that leads to an increase of emaan and peace. |
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Term
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Definition
| The soul when it is in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| The soul when it is not in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| A partner entrusted to a person from among the jinn, who tempts the human to engage in evil deeds, making evil seem pleasing, with a goal to leading the person to the hellfire. |
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Term
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Definition
| Magic, which involves some type of incantation (spoken or written), or some action that will affect the body, heart or mind of the bewitched without coming in contact with him, including sorcery, witchcraft, and divination. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evil Eye, the process whereby the glance of one person is capable of causing harm to another due to envy, and the source is evil jinn. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dealing with actions, thoughts, or feelings that are atypical, disturbing or maladaptive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deviant by cultural/societal norms |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior that leads to personal distress, where the person is disturbed due to the disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior that is an impairment in daily life functioning, causing them difficulty. |
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Term
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Definition
| A way to classify mental disorders, 'The International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems" |
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Term
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Definition
| Anxiety, Mood, Somatoform, Schizophrenic |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common mental disorders, involving excessive worry and fear, excessive and impairing functioning, such as panic order or PTSD |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorders Characterized by disturbances in a person's mood, such as depression and bypolar disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| Suggesting a physical disorder, but symptoms cannot be adequately explained physiologically, also called 'psychosomatic', such as conversion disorder, and pain disorder. |
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Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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Definition
| Persistent anxiety and worry, finding something to worry about if there is nothing, can cause sleep disturbance and muscle tension. |
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Term
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Definition
| Persistent concern about having additional panic attacks, commonly occur 2 times a week. A panic attack is when the subject experiences intense fear or discomfort, palpitations and a number of other symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Situations are avoided or endured with distress or anxiety, subject will not leave their home for lengths of time, stems from worry about no help or escape from a potential situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Most common phobia disorder, a persistent, irrational and intense fear of particular situations or things. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marked persistent fear of social or performance situations, fear of embarassing his or herself in public, interefering with functioning or causes marked distress. |
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Term
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder |
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Definition
| Recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses or images, experiences as intrusive or inappropriate, and repetitive behavior that a person feels compelled to perform in response to obsession or rigid rules, clearly excessive. |
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Term
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder |
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Definition
| After exposure to a traumatic event, subject has recurrent and intrusive distressing recollections of event, causing avoidance of thoughts, feelings or conversations associated wtih trauma. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deep sadness and gloom, loss of interest in life, negative self-image, guilt, suicidal thoughts or actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic low-level depression for 2 years or more, intervals of normal mood |
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Term
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Definition
| Manic-depression, meaning periods of euphoria and excitement alternating with periods of incapacitating depression. |
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Term
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Definition
| Less intense than Bipolar Disorder, moderate, frequent swings in mood for 2 years or more. |
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Term
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Definition
| Many physical complaints, beginning before age 30, very rare |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory impairment, abnormal skin sensations such as tingling, itching or burning, or paralysis due to stressors like conflict, and indifferent to symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Preoccupation with fears of having, or the idea that one has, a serious disease based on the person's misinterpretation of bodily symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Subjects under stress complain of pain due to an old injury, but there is no physical evidence for the pain, subject looking to gain money or attention. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychotic state typified by extreme cognitive and emotional disturbance, includes paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, and undifferentiated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Person may experience delusions of persecution and/or delusions of grandeur, often accompanied by hallucinations, feels life is a 'covert' action |
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Term
| Disorganized Schizophrenia |
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Definition
| Displays: incoherence, grossly disorganized behavior, flat or inappropriate emotions, extreme social withdrawal, seem to be carrying on a conversation with somebody when no one is there. |
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Term
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Definition
| Displays: long periods of catatonic stupor (rigid mobility), alternating with periods of wild motor activity, mutism |
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Term
| Undifferentiated Schizophrenia |
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Definition
| Any type of schizophrenia that does not have specific paranoid, catatonic, or disorganized features or symptoms. |
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Term
| Causes of Mental Disorders |
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Definition
| Genetic, neuro-chemical, stress-vulnerability model, learning/conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurotransmitter involved with emotions and muscle movement (works in limbic system) |
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Term
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Definition
| A disturbance in the brain's chemical systems or in the brain's neurotransmitters |
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Term
| The Stress-Vulnerability Hypothesis |
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Definition
| The combination of environmental stress and inherited susceptibility cause certain disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of social, behavioral, cognitive and emotional factors that influence the maintenance of health, development of, the course, and the patient's and family's response to illness and disease. |
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Term
| World Health Definition of Health |
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Definition
| A complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity. |
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Term
| Bio-Psycho-Social-Spiritual Model |
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Definition
| Health and illness are caused by multiple factors which produce multiple effects. |
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Term
| Religious involvement, through these three avenues, causes the adherent to have better health. |
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Definition
| Healthy behaviors (less drinking, smoking), Social support, and positive emotions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The stress required for maintaining energy for living |
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Term
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Definition
| Too much stress for too long |
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Term
| The Role of Appraisal (Lazarus) |
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Definition
| Situation->appraisal->perceived/unpercieved threat->secondary appraisal->perception of inability/ability to cope with threat->negative/positive stress |
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Term
| ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) |
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Definition
| Known as the "stress hormone", which stimulates the adrenal gland to produce and release cortisol. |
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Term
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Definition
| The individual's personal experience of seeking the sacred in life, striving to connect with God. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves social institutions with rules, rituals, and formal procedures. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of struggling with adversity, where changes may arise that propel the individual to a higher level of functioning than that which existed prior to the event. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to recover from or adjust easily to misfortune or change. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased sense of meaning or purpose after traumatic event |
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Term
| Benevolent Religious Appraisal |
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Definition
| The process through which the individual redefines the stressor through religion as benevolent and potentially beneficial. |
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Term
| Collaborative religious coping |
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Definition
| It is the seeking of control through a partnership with God in problem-solving |
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Term
| Seeking spiritual support |
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Definition
| The search for comfort and reassurance through God's love and care. |
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Term
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Definition
| To search for spiritual cleansing through religious actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The attempt to provide spiritual support and comfort to others. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which the individual looks to religion for help in letting go of anger, hurt and fear associated with an offence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any psychological technique used to facilitate positive changes in personality, behavior, or adjustment, conducted by a trained and qualified health professional. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involving only one client and one therapist |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves client and other family members |
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Term
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Definition
| Several clients participate at the same time |
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Term
| Eclectic approach to therapy |
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Definition
| An approach to therapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy, now used by most psychotherapists. |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-directive type of therapy based on insights from conscious thoughts and feelings (client-centred) |
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Term
| An effective therapist's four basic conditions |
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Definition
| Active Listening, Unconditional Positive Regard, Empathy, and Authenticity |
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Term
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Definition
| The therapy that applies learning principles to produce constructive changes in behavior, using classical or operant conditioning to change behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relax muscle groups, one at a time, practice and repeat, combined with deep breathing exercises. |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; it includes systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of counter-conditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior. e.g. aversion therapy for alcoholics |
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Term
| Systematic Desensitization |
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Definition
| The type of counter-conditioning that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| An operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior, where a patient exchanges a token, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior for various treats or priviledges. |
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Term
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Definition
| Teaches patients how to evaluate their thinking, teaching them new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting, and changes are incremented. |
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Term
| Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy |
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Definition
| A popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| Pharmacotherapy (using medications to alleviate emotional disturbance), Psychotropic (capable of affecting the mind, emotions, and behavior, anti-anxiety, anti-depressants,anti-psychotics, Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT), and Psychosurgery |
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Term
| Cognitive Restructuring :CBT |
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Definition
| Teaching clients to identify automatic throughts and core beliefs that lead to distress or dysfunctional behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Erikson's Theory: Critical Periods for achievement of goals in 8 stages |
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Definition
| Trust/Mistrust, Autonomy/Shame, Initiative/Guilt, Industry/Inferiority, Identity/Role Confusion, Intimacy/Isolation, Generativity/Stagnation, Integrity/Despair |
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Term
| Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development |
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Definition
| How human beings develop in the cognitive realm is four stages: 1)Sensori-motor, 2)Preoperational, 3)Concrete Operational and 4)Formal Operational |
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Term
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Definition
| Emotional bond formed with a specific person in infancy |
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Term
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Definition
| Fantasy life, imaginary friends |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental representation, images, words and gestures, and language and pretend play possible |
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Term
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Definition
| Understanding that the amount of a substance remains the same even if the form is changed. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation |
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Term
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Definition
| Contemplation of the world exclusively from the child's personal perspective |
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Term
| Young-old category of Elderly |
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Definition
| Healthy and vigorous, financially secure, active in family and community life |
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Term
| Old-old category of elderly |
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Definition
| Have major physical, mental or social losses, but still have some strengths |
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Term
| Oldest-old category of elderly |
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Definition
| Dependent on others for almost everything |
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Term
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Definition
| Optimizing opportunities for physical, social, psychological well-being |
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Term
| Benefits for Worship of Allah |
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Definition
| Support and help, Light, and a good life from Allah |
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