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psy test #1
na
118
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
09/21/2008

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Term
naturalistic
Definition
Observe in natural environment without influence or control
Term
laboratory
Definition
researches have control over situation. Use more precise measurements
Term
Population
Definition
the entire group
Term
sample
Definition
subgroup from the population
Term
representative population
Definition
sample made up of same makeup as population
Term
survey research
Definition
uses questionnaires to quickly gather information
Term
case study
Definition
study of one individual or one group in great depth
Term
the experimental method
Definition
Researcher has control. only method that can identify a cause-effect relationship
Term
variable
Definition
any event, situation, or individual that varies
Term
independent variable
Definition
cause. manipulated by the researcher
Term
dependent variable
Definition
effect. measured after independent variable is in place
Term
experimental group
Definition
exposed to independent variable
Term
control group
Definition
not exposed to independent variable
Term
confounding variable
Definition
factor other than independent variable that could cause a change in dependent variable
Term
correlational method
Definition
establish a relationship between two variables
Term
positive correlation
Definition
when one variable goes up so does the other
Term
negative correlation
Definition
when one goes up the other goes down
Term
nervous system
Definition
bodys primary information system. sends information between neurons
Term
central nervous system
Definition
brain and spinal cord
Term
peripheral nervous system
Definition
all nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. connects central nervous system to rest of body
Term
Afferent neurons
Definition
To the brain. carry information from body to central nervous system
Term
Efferent neurons
Definition
to the body. carry info from central nervous system to the body
Term
cns before pns? or pns before cns?
Definition
cns before pns
Term
somatic nervous system (sNS)
Definition
Voluntary, controls skeletal muscle
Term
autonomic nervous system (ans)
Definition
involuntary, controls internal muscle and glands, essential body functions, emotion
Term
Sympathetic nervous system (sns)
Definition
activates during stress or high activity, heart rate increases, blood pressure increases, respitory rate increases. Digestive activity decreases.
Term
parasympathetic nervous system
Definition
activates during relaxation or calm. Heart rate, blood pressure, respitory rate decreases. Digestive activity increases.
Term
Cerebral cortex
Definition
back of the brain, involved in higher mental process, composed of 4 lobes
Term
convolutions
Definition
wrinkles on the brain, allows increase in surface area
Term
lobes of the brain
Definition
frontal lobe -> motor
parietal lobe -> somatosensory
temporal lobe -> auditory
occipital lobe -> visual
Term
frontal lobes
Definition
thinking, memory, organizing, planning, reasoning. involves in socially inappropriate behavior. motor cortex
Term
Parietal lobes
Definition
somatosensory cortex, sense of touch
Term
temporal lobes
Definition
auditory cortex, involves in hearing
Term
occipital lobes
Definition
visual cortex, involved in vision
Term
corpus callosum
Definition
connects the two hemispheres, bridge of communication
Term
associated areas
Definition
non-specific areas of the brain, "silent areas", combine info from different areas
Term
neuroanatomy
Definition
structures of the brain
Term
Hind Brain
Definition
located at the base of the skull, cerebellum, medulla, pons, reticular formation
Term
cerebellum
Definition
muscular coordination
Term
medulla
Definition
basic life preservation
Term
Pons
Definition
Balance ,arousal, sleeping, autonomic functions
Term
Reticular formation
Definition
arousal and attention (A & A)
Term
Midbrain
Definition
Substantia Nigra (controls unconscious motor actions)
Term
Substantia Nigra
Definition
controls unconscious motor actions
Term
Forebrain
Definition
Thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system
Term
thalamus
Definition
executive secreter, relay station for higher areas. filters information
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
Involved in basis survival functions (4 Fs) regulates autonomic nervous system and endocrine system. reward center -> power of addiction
Term
Limbic System
Definition
Involved in emotional expression. Contains hippocampus and amygdala
Term
Amygdala
Definition
aggression and fear
Term
Brocas area
Definition

speaking. located in left frontal lobe

controls speech output

Term
Wernickes area
Definition

language comprehension (listening). located in left temporal lobe

interprets auditory code 

Term
aphasias
Definition
speech and language disfuctions caused by neurological damage
Term
brocas aphasia
Definition
difficulty producing language. slow "telegraphic" speech
Term
wernickes aphasia
Definition

Difficulty understanding language

fluent but meaningless speach

 

Term
Axon Terminals
Definition
small "bulbs" at the end of axons
Term
Synaptic Cleft
Definition
Gaps between sending and recieving neurons. Neurons do not touch
Term
Synapse
Definition
Junction in synaptic cleft where neural communication takes place chemically
Term
Presynaptic Neuron
Definition
Sending Neuron
Term
Postsynaptic Neuron
Definition
Recieving Neuron
Term
Neurotramsmitters
Definition
A chemical substance tat transmitts nerve impulses across a synapse. Located in Axon terminals. Discovered by Otto Loewi
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
Neurotransmitters released from the axon terminals of presynaptic neurons.
Term
auditory cortex
Definition
recieves auditory input
Term
Binding of the Neurtransmitters
Definition
neurotransmitters are taken up by the dendrite of the postsynaptic neuron at receptor sites
Term
motor cortex
Definition
word is spoken
Term
neurons
Definition

basic unit of the nervous system

sends out electrochemical messages 

Term
Steps for Synaptic Transmission
Definition
1.) Action Potential. 2.)Axon termials filled with NTs bind to end of axon. 3.)Neurotransmitters are released through exocytosis. 4.) Neurotransmitters bund to receptor sites on post-synaptic neuron, 5.) left over transmitters are broken down or go through reuptake.
Term
what are the three major parts of a neuron
Definition

Dendrites

Cell Body/Soma   

Axon 

Term
denrites
Definition
branch like fibers that recieves information from other neurons. branch liek aeffect occurs from arborization
Term
Sensation
Definition

Occurs when nerve impulses arrive at the cerebral cortex

Term
Perception
Definition
Occurs when the cerebral cortex interprets meaning of sensations
Term
Cell body/soma
Definition

maintains cell life

neurotransmitters are synthesized 

Term
Wavelength
Definition
The distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next
Term
axon
Definition

single fiber that sends information to other neurons.

length ranges from a fraction of a millimeter up to 3 feet.

message gets transmitted at symatic 

Term
Short wave lengths= High or short frequency?
Definition

High

Term
3 neuron potentials
Definition

potential

resting potential

action potential 

Term
Cornea
Definition
Tough, transparent, protective. Covers eye front. Bends light rays inward through pupil
Term
potential
Definition
electric charge that gives energy to action potential
Term
Lens
Definition
Transperant disk-shaped structure behind the iris and pupil
Term
Accomidation
Definition

The process by which the eye lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina

Term
resting potential
Definition
negative electrical charge of axon
Term
Retina
Definition
Light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptor rods and cons plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.
Term
action potential
Definition

reverses resting potential to a positive electrical charge.

initiates "firing" of the neuron 

Term
Rods
Definition
Light sensitive receptors. Cells in Retina. Look like cylinders
Term
the action potential process
Definition
1. negative charge becomes positive. 2. channel opens in cell membrane allowong positive ions to flow into neuron. 3.sudden reversal of voltage causes action potential. 4. neuron is able to maintain resting potential
Term
myelin sheath
Definition
insulation for the axon
Term
nodes of ranvier
Definition

gaps in myelin sheath.

action potential "skips" these gaps for increased speed. 

Term
Cons
Definition
Light sensitive receptors. Enable humans to see color and fine detail. Do not function in very dim light
Term
temperature when neurons fire the fastest
Definition
98.6
Term
Fovea
Definition
A small center area of the Retina. Clearist and sharpist vision.
Term
would an impulse travel faster down a larger or smaller diameter?
Definition
larger
Term
Blind Spot
Definition
Point in each retina with no rods or cons
Term
Optic Nerve
Definition
Carried visual information from retina to both sides of the brain
Term
Primary Visual Cortex
Definition
Part of brain which processes visual information
Term
perceptual organization
Definition
how we organize and interpret our sensations so that they become meaningful perceptions
Term
Saccades
Definition
The voluntary sweeping of the eyes from one fixation point to the other.
Term
Fixations
Definition
The pause during which the eye is almost stationary
Term
Gestalt
Definition

organized wholes.

tendency to integrate pieces of information in to meaningful wholes 

Term
Change Blindess
Definition
Faliure to notice changes in visual stimuli
Term
Inattental Blindness
Definition
fail to see an object we're looking at directly, even a highly visibal one b/c our attention is directed somewhere else.
Term
what are the 5 grouping principles
Definition

    1 proximity

2 similarity

3 continuituy  

4 closure

5 common region 

Term
Simons and Chabris
Definition
subjects watched and attended a video, over 1/2 failed to notice bizzare event.
Term
proximity
Definition
group nearby figures together
Term
similarity
Definition
    group figures that are similar
Term
Bottom-Up processing
Definition
Influences of information inherent in a stimulous on preception.
Term
continuity
Definition
    percieve continuous patterns
Term
Top-Down Processing
Definition
influences of knowledge and expectation of perception
Term
closure
Definition
fill in gaps
Term
common region
Definition
    percieve objects in common area as being a group
Term
Optical Illiusions
Definition
Decieves the human visual system into preceving something that is not present or incorrectly perceiving which is present.
Term
depth perception
Definition

ability to see objects in three dimensions.

allows us to judge distance. 

Term
Cognitive Illusions
Definition
When in-built assumptions are misdirected
Term
Ambiguous Illusions
Definition
Perseption will "switch"
Term
relative size
Definition
smaller image is more distant
Term
Distorting Illusion
Definition
Distortions of length, size or curvature.
Term
interposition
Definition
closer object block distant objects
Term
texture gradient
Definition
closer objects show more detail then the object further away
Term
relative height
Definition
higher objects are seen as more distant
Term
linear perspective
Definition
parrallel lines converge with distance
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