Term
| what did george miller discover about short term memory |
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Definition
| he discovered that the capacity of the STM is about 7 items or bits of info. called it the "magical number seven, plus or minus two" |
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Term
| what is flashbulb memory? how do flashbulb memories compare to everyday memories in term of confidence and accuracy |
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Definition
An extremely vivd and detailed memory about an emotional event and the conditions surrounding how one learned about the event.
example: 9/11, pearl harbor, JFK assassination, and space shuttle challenger |
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Term
| what does it mean to say that memory is a reconstructive process? how is this different from the more traditional view on how memory works |
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Definition
memory that is pieced together by "frames". this is when bits of memory are lost and new info (that you truly believed happened) are added up to fill gaps.
ex: inability to to determine what actually happened and what you were told, get told story multi. times you believe that it actually happened or not sure if event happened to you or a friend b/c story has been repeated. |
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Term
| be able to define the misinformation effect |
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Definition
| when incorrect info about event, often in the form of misleading or false information, is represented to a person and then alters the person's recall of the event by causing him or her to incorporate erroneous details. |
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Term
| what part of henry molaison brain was removed what effect did it have on his memory |
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Definition
| hippocampus was removed and and he could not remember anything after the age of 27 |
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Term
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Definition
| an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world |
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Term
| define and recognize examples of the availability heurisitcs |
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Definition
the tendency to judge the probability of a type of event by how easy it is to think of examples or instances
ex: people think the number of shark attacks are high
ex: catastrophes or shocking accidents evoke a strong emotional reaction in us, and thus stand out in our minds
ex: people overestimating the number of deaths from a tornado because it is in the headlines |
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Term
| what role do self disciplinee and motivation play when making predictions about iq scores? what were the differences in attitudes about inteligence and achivment between asian parents teachers and children compared to american parents teachers and childen |
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Definition
Once you are motivated to succeed intellectually , you need self discipline to reach your goals. They both work hard hard at intellectual tasks depend, in turn, on your attitude about intelligence and achievement which are strongly influenced by cultural values.
Beliefs about intelligence: Americans were for more likely than Asains to believe that math ability is born with you, Americans tend to think if you have the ability you don't have to work hard and if you dont theres no point trying
Standards: Americans had far lower standers of childrens performance satisfied when scores barley above average on a 100 point test. Chinease and Japs only happy when children had higher scores
Values: American students did not value education as much as Asains. More complacent about mediocre work. When asked if granted one wish 60% of chinease 5th graders named something educational. Americans wanted money or possessions.
Jap teachers valued studying hard more than american teachers and jap students and american students. |
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Term
| according to piaget first cognitive stage? be able to define object permanence |
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Definition
Sensorimotor Stage
Birth to 2 years old.
Focus on whats here and now ( out of state out of mind) Learn world through body movement and senses
Object performance: The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view
Ex) ball drops in box then looks for it |
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Term
| what s piagets second cognitive stage? what types of thought and behavior become possible during this stage? what is centration egocentrism and conservation |
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Definition
Preoperational Stage
2-7 years old can understand that things symolize other things. See things as symbol
Ex) the word ball and actual ball represent eachother
starts to play pretend
centration the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation, problem or object. For example, a child may complain that there is little ice cream left in a big bowl. The child will be satisfied if the ice cream is transferred to a little bowl, even though nothing is added, because he only considers how full the bowl appears to be.
conservation a Task where children understand that despite a transformation in the physical presentation of an amount, the amount remains the same
Egocentrism- The inability to see the world from others point of view
ex) drawlings of ideas |
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Term
| what is pigets third cognitive stage |
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Definition
Concrete Operations
7-11 Able to perform mental transformations but only on concrete physical objects. Organizational tasks.
ex) sorting coins by size |
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Term
| what is pigets final cognitive stage? what type of reasoning emerges at this age? note that youll need to understand what this type of reasoning means |
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Definition
Formal Operational Stage
11 to adult hood
Able to perform hypothetical and abstract reasoning , can understand logical concepts like ( if than statements)
ex) " if i am late to school , ill get in trouble "
-Abstract reasoning skills emerge at this age |
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Term
| be able to describe yerkes dodson law |
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Definition
| states that effective performance is more likely if the level of arousal is suitable for activty |
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Term
| what are the three phases of the general adaption syndrome (gas) what is the fight or flight response and during which phase of gas is it activated |
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Definition
(5)(overall stress response from prolonged stress)
1. alarm- Body mobilizes its resources to fight or flee
2.Resistance - Body mobilizes its resources to achieve homeostasis in the presence of the stressor
3.Exhaustion- Continued efforts to achieve homeostasis lead to exhaustion and damage of the body
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Term
| what is a type a personality? what specific feature is associated with the increased risk of heart disease |
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Definition
| type a people are competitive hard driving ambitious and impatient ex heart attack prone person is a keen and ambitious man "engines are full speed ahead" |
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Term
| for cold virus study, be able to describe the basic features of the experiment and what predicted colds among those who were exposed to the virus |
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Definition
| conen had participants volunteer to get a virus sprayed up their nose. the participants that were under more stress before hand were 3 times more likely to catch the virus |
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Term
| define thought suppression. how is this related to the rebound effect |
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Definition
| A coping strategy that involves purposely trying not to think about something emotionally arousing or distressing.
Research shows that trying NOT to think about something can have the paradoxical effect of causing that “suppressed” thought to pop into consciousness more than it does when you are not trying to suppress it. Which is the rebound effect. |
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Term
| what is the difference between perceived social support and enacted social support? which of the two seems to act as a buffer agaisnt stress |
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Definition
| Perceived social support- the subjective sense that support is available should it be needed.
Enacted social support- specific support behaviors provided by others.
Perceived social support provides the buffer against stress. |
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Term
| regarding the harlow rhesus monkey study, what was the prevailing view of mother child attachment prior to this study? describe the two types of artificial mothers used in the study. be able to describe the general results of the studies in regards to preference and physiological health. |
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Definition
| previous view was nourishment was the most important for development. 1st mother a wire mother-nourishment
2nd mother was a cloth mother physical mother
infant monkeys spent more time with terry cloth mother
monkeys with cloth mom had better health. 3 factors associated with better health. 1 texture 2 warmth 3 ability of mother to move |
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Term
| be able to define the nocebo effect. |
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Definition
| A variation of the placeboo effect in which the person expects a negative outcome instead of a positive one |
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Term
| define general mental ability. what is the most popular mental ability test in business and industry? |
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Definition
| An overall measure of how well an individual follows instructions, learns new material , and solves novel problems. Most popular test is the Wonderlic Cognitive Ability Test. or (WPT-R) |
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Term
| define graphology and be able to describe the findings related to predicting job performance |
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Definition
| The analysis of handwritting to infer traits and characteristics about an individual.
The findings related to predicting job performance are that graphology is used to evaluate personality for hiring purposes. Reasearch shows people who are trained in graphology do no better than untrained individuals at guessing personality characteristics. Has zero value in predicting job performance |
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Term
| what are integrity tests? what do they predict? |
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Definition
| Tests designged to measure the probability that a job applicant would engage in theft and other counterproductive behaviors. |
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Term
| which of the selection tools identified in the text is the best predictor of job performance? what does the research suggest about the value of general mental ability tests, work samples, and interviews as predictors of job performance? what approach to personnel selection is recommended in the textbook? |
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Definition
| wonderlic test common sense questions best indicator of job performance |
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Term
| what does obm stand for? what is behavioral pinpont? what is task clarification |
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Definition
| organizational behavior managment
The analysis and application of behavioral principles to improving functioning within the workplace
a behavior that is precisely defined in unambiguous and measurable terms , must be precise and specific
A clear and precise explanation of the work tasks that the employee is expected to perform. |
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Term
| what is behavior based safety? what did myers and colleagues discover about behavior based safety in 2010 |
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Definition
| safety using the standard obm techniques of pinpointing measuring and providing consequences. emphasze rewards but rewards have to be unnatural because the natural environment rewards employees for unsafe behaviors. myers reportes a 79% reduction in lost time injuries and a 97% savings in workers compensationn costs following the implemention of behavior based safety in a petroleum oil refinery |
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Term
| Define and provide examples of Social Norms |
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Definition
| Rules about how we are supposed to act enforced by threats of punishment if we violate them and promises of reward if we follow them. Ex: Elevators your are suppose to face forward |
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Term
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Definition
Positions that are regulated by norms about how people in those positions should behave
ex: A police officer can not run from gun shots |
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