Individual-engages multiple levels at once, interventions can built individual capacity to address prolems 
microsystems-environments in which people interact in direct person-to-person contact
Organizations-sets of microsystems that often have a power dynamic & an informal culture

Localities-geographic setting that may be the host of different organizations and movements

macrosystem-the larger cultural context, accepted ideas, and belief systems that help guide society  

*know how to analyze a problem using the model*

Interdependance-the actions of 1 component in an ecological system has implications for all of the other components, as they opperate together 

Adaptation-an organism must respond to the demands of its context in order ot survive 

Cycling of resources-we can understand a system by examining how resources are used, distributed, conserved, and transformed (3 types: personal, social, physical setting) 

Succession- settings and social systems shift over time and this has an effect on individuals living within them

• settings, like people, have personalities
• person-environment fit- the degree to which the characteristics of the individual match the demands and rewards of the environment

Measured by:
     -relationships(nature and intensity of relationships. can people express their feelings?)
      -personal development(do people have opportunities to grow?)
      -System maintenance and Change (organization and rules of setting, expectations are clear,how is control maintained, how do they respond to change?) 

• settings require a number of people to fulfill roles 
• occurs when there are more roles than people 
• Pros: more involvement, stronger commitment, more opportunities
• Cons: people burn out, unequal opportunities

• a conception, explicit or implicit distinctive of an individual. Core beliefs that typically remain constant, but can change over time 
• they are held by both people & groups
• they motivate actions (not always consciously)
• determine goals 
• indicative of what someone views as valuable

• individual wellness
• family wellness
• citizen participation
• respect for human diversity 
• social justice 
• sense of community 
• empowerment

• risk losing respectibility as a science 
• values can be both positive and harmful
• we've made it this far with positivist thinking
• fear of dogmatic as opposed to critical thinking

Neighboring: informal contacts in assistance to neighbors

Citizen Participation: having a voice and influence within a community. involves community decisions, not simply community service

Social Support: how individuals help each other, and how their relationships promote coping with stress
Mediating Structures: intermediate communities that are linked at differng ecological levels

• social relationships can provide resources (capital) similar to wealth 
• most beneficial for children with limited economic capital 
• fostered and developed through societal structures, but benefits vary by individual
• can be done by bonding (creating and maintaining strong emotional ties) or bridging (creating and maintaining links between groups or communities)

Risk factors-the characteristics of settings, communities and people that are associated with problematic outcomes

Protective Factors-resources to help peole cope or mitigate stress

*know how to categorize examples*

Proximal-directly trigger or contribute to a problem or provide a resource that can be directly used for coping

distal-predisposing processes which shape stressors, coping processes and outcomes (can be contextual or personal)

Advocacy/Settings/coalition interventions

• social and policy advocacy-advocacy for community change
• alternative settings-creating new settings/ resources
• consultation
• community coalitions 

Prevention and promotion interventions

•  tries to address issues before they arise
• promote strength and skills to help people cope later in life 
  
  Crisis/Collaboration/case Management Interventions 
• provide immediate relief during times of crisis 
  
  Clinical Interventions
• traditional therapy 

1. Research is based in the community, not the lab
    
2. It is important to understand how researchers perspectives, values, and assumptions influence the research process and outcomes
    
3. resreach is done collaboratively
    
4. Research topics are guided by community needs
    
5. Research should benefit the community

1. Positivism-traditional research, objectivism, value free, generalized for everyone.
   -was the starting point for all research 
2. Post-Positivism-experimental design, acknowledged that research couldn't be value free, aimed to control for it
   -influence them to acknowledge that researchers have values, and used methods specific to their context
3. Constructivism-everyone constructs their own reality, focused on using qualitative methods
   -influenced them to aim to form relationships between researcher and participant
4. Critical Theory-like constructivism, focus on power relationships & changing oppression
   -influenced them to focus on battling oppression  

1. promotes the greater social good and action
2. empowering experience for the participants
3. focus on historically marginallized groups 
4. is participatory 
5. collaboration is conduced in a cooperative manner in which oth participants and the researcher have equal value and knowledge in the process

• Feminist theory
• liberation psychology 
• action research

• Controlled setting where a variable is manipulated to see the effect on another variable

Advantages-control, cause/effect, high internal validity
Disadvantages-not always possible, low external validity, reactivity
Ethical Concerns-deception, not always possible, manipulation people, keeping treatment away 

• study of existing records such as past research, public record, media, physical artifacts 

Advantages: already collected, saves time and $,  change over time is visible, large samples 
Disadvantages: data may no longer be relevant, only work with what is there 
Ethical Concerns: misrepresentation of data, some people dont get voice, have people consented 

• questionare/interview given to a set of respondents, can be very structured or not

Advantages:wide range of information, form a lot of people, on a lot of topics, less reactivity, get additional topics
Disadvantages: self report, creating modifying the survey is difficult, cause/effect isn't possible
Ethical Concerns: sensitive topics without support mechanisms for participants, learn without acting, may exclude/discount voice  

• understanding of human behavior in natural settings; participant and non participant, field interviews and notes, case studies 

Advantages: real life settings, flexible, see interdependencies, high external validity
Disadvantages: time consuming, uses a lot of resources, stressful, messy, low generalizability, no cause/effect
Ethics: when to intervene, when are you a peer or a researcher 

Define agent groups & target groups

explain how they are able to acquire social power

Agent Groups: a group of people with greater access to social power and privilege based upon their membership in their social group. They are born into social power. 

Target Groups: a group whose access to social power is limited or denied. They have to work harder to gain social power that people in the Agent group already possess. 

• Efforts aimed at limiting or avoiding the occurance of an undesirable consequence or state of affairs in the future 
• the goal should be enhancement of wellness and competance 

primary-targets whole population, not just those who have symptoms. the goal is to keep people healthy and raise awareness
Secondary-early intervention based on early identification as exhibiting symptoms

Tertiary-occurs after disorder develops, targets deficits with an aim of reducing discomfort. Usually paired with some form of treatment 

*be able to give examples*

Resiliency 
V

Thriving  

Resiliency: Coping with stress, and maintaining health, with a return to prior stress level once the stress is coped with 

Thriving: transformation of ones personal priorities, sense of self, and life roles in a positive way through the expereince of the stress. (personal growth)

• A research method that involves reviewing previously published studies and cross analyzing them in order to draw conclusions
• can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of similar programs

Experimental development - initial study is implemented to demonstrate effectiveness. Small scale under controlled conditions

technological application - program demonstartes effectiveness under real world conditions, which are typically similar to the intended conditions. Developers still give guidance

Diffusion of Innovation - program is adopted by other communities, demonstrated effectiveness under real world conditions, not under direct scrutiny and guidance of developers

Widespread implimentation-program continues to show effectiveness in a wide range of settings, program is now in the hands of the implementers. Widespread impact occurs only at this level

• member differences
• different degrees of collaboration
• resource differences
• succession 
• lack of cultural fit 

• an intentional ongoing process centered in a local community involving mutual respect, caring and group participation through which people lacking an equal share of resources gain greater access to and control over those resources
  
  
• limitations: one group could be empowered at the expense of another. Being empowered doesn't always mean that you have actual influence over collective decisions  

• focus on the potential to develop disorders, or the presence of early symptoms, and an outsiders attempt to fix it diregards the fact that members of the community are competant and know what they need. “Poor functioning” is not a trait to be fixed by an outside expert; it is a consequence of oppressive social systems and lack of resources
• needs assessment is done by outsiders instead of collaboritively 
• does it help them gain control over their lives?

• peole either have or have the potential for many competencies in life 
• poor functioning is not a sign of incompetence to be fixed by an outside expert, but a lack of resources due to an oppressive social system
• if competencies need to be learned, they shoudl occur within the persons every-day environment 

• originates at "grass roots" level among citizens instead of at the top with experts
• emphasizes para-professionalism 
• people are capable of determining their own needs and how to achieve them

Empowerment: Collaboration

• professionals become resources instead of guides so that people can empower themselves 
• they take on the role of collaborators 

• empowerment should be a process that helps people gain control over their lives

A process in which individuals take part in decision

making in the institutions, programs, and

environments that affect them. 

Not simply volunteering or community services

• People have a voice in the deliberation of

community issues

• People are involved in decision making

Power Over: power rooted in social structures, with influence accomplished through coercion

Power To:The ability of individuals or groups to pursue their own goals and to develop one’s capacity. Influence by persuasion 

Power from: the ability to resist the power or unwanted demands of others

Integrative Power: the capacity for people to work together, to build groups, and to inspire loyalty. "people power"

• Program evaluation allows for researchers to determine if programs being implemented are making the desired change in a community, and if they are not, where things went wrong.
• People don't want to waste funding on a program that doesn't work 
• An ineffective program won't help anybody 

*Be able to develop an evaluation plan based on a prevention program logic model* 

have criteria, standards, and methods for evaluating at the process, outcome and impact levels