Term
| Physiological Explanation |
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Definition
| describes the mechanisms that produce a behavior |
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Definition
| relates behavior to the evolutionary history of the species |
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Term
| Developmental (Ontogenetic) Explanation |
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Definition
| deals with changes in age and the capability to develop a behavior |
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Definition
| separate cells of the nervous system |
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Definition
| cells of the nervous system that support neurons by insulating them, synchronizing their activity, and removing waste. |
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Term
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Definition
1) Cell Body
2) Dendrites
3) Axon
4) Terminal Buttons |
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Definition
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Definition
| Widely branching structures that receive input |
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Definition
| Single, long, thin, straight fiber with branches near its tip that output information to other cells |
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Definition
| insulating sheath that speeds up the impulses along an axon |
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Definition
| An excitation that travels along an axon at a constant strength, no matter how far it travels |
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Definition
| An electrical polarization across the membrane of an axon |
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Definition
| The specialized junction between one neuron and another, a neuron releases a chemical that either excites or inhibits the next |
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Definition
| Releases a neurotransmitters that activates receptors on other neurons |
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Definition
| Chemicals that activate receptors on other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| The neuron on the receiving end on a synapse |
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Term
Parkinson's Disease
(group affected & 5 symptoms) |
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Definition
~Affects 1% of people over 50
~Involuntary movement, slow movement, tremors, rigidity, and depression |
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Term
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Definition
| A neurotransmitter which low levels of are contributed to Parkinson's Disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of the brain and the spinal cord |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
| Consists of bundles of nerves between the spinal cord and the rest of the body |
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Term
| Left and Right Hemispheres |
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Definition
| The left hemisphere controls the right side of the brain, whereas the right controls the left. |
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Term
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Definition
| Outer covering of the forebrain, divided into four lobes |
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Term
| 4 Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex |
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Definition
1) Occipital
2) Parietal
3) Temporal
4) Frontal |
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Term
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Definition
| At the rear of the head, responsible for vision (damaged: cortical blindness) |
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Term
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Definition
| At the left and right sides of the head, responsible for hearing and specialized vision (damaged: impaired recognition of visuals and sounds) |
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Term
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Definition
| A subcortical structure deep within the temporal lobe that responds strongly to emotional situations |
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Term
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Definition
| Just forward from the occipital lobe, responsible for the body senses (temperature, pain, touch, spacial location of limbs) |
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Term
| Primary Somasosensory Cortex |
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Definition
| a strip in the back of the parietal lobe that has cells sensitive to touch in different areas of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| At the front of the head, responsible for fine movements |
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Term
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Definition
| In the frontal lobe of the brain, responsible for fine body movements (such as the movement of fingers) |
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Term
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Definition
| At the front sections of the frontal lobe, responsible for some aspects of memory and for planning movements and decisions |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in the frontal cortex, they activate when one moves and one watches someone else make a similar movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Located below the thalamus, it is responsible for hunger, thirst, temperature regulation, sex, and other motivated behavior |
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Definition
| Parts of the hindbrain that control the head muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| Controls the muscles from the neck down |
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Term
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Definition
| A rapid and automatic response to a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the hindbrain that is responsible for aiming, timing, and rhythm (damaged: behavior similar to intoxication) |
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Term
| Electroencephalograph (EEG) |
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Definition
| Uses electrodes on the scalp to record rapid changes in brain level activity |
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Term
| Magnetoencephalograph (MEG) |
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Definition
| Records magnetic changes on the surface of the scalp |
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Term
| Positron-Emission Tomography (PET) |
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Definition
| Records radioactivity of various brain areas emitted from injected chemicals |
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Term
| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) |
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Definition
| Uses magnetic detectors outside the head to compare the amounts of hemoglobin with and without oxygen in different brain areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Controls the internal organs such as the heart (autonomic = involuntary) |
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Term
| 2 Parts of Autonomic Nervous System |
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Definition
1) Sympathetic Nervous System
2) Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| Controlled by a chain of cells lying just outside the spinal cord that control increases in heart/breathing rate and fight-or-flight responses |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| Controlled by cells at the top and bottom of the spinal cord that control decreases in heart/breathing rate and increases digestion rate |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of glands that produce hormones and release them into the blood. Other hormones controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulate these endocrine organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical released by glands and conveyed via the blood to alter activity in various organs |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in the brain as a result of experience |
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Term
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Definition
| Undifferentiated cells that have the ability to develop into new neurons in certain brain areas (contributes to plasticity) |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of axons that connect the two hemispheres of the brains |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which cells somewhere in the brain emit abnormal rhythmic, spontaneous impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| The question of how separate brain areas combine forces to produce a unified perception of a single object |
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Term
| 3 Possible Outcomes for Neurotransmitters in Synapses |
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Definition
1) Reuptake
2) Metabolized
3) Remain in synapse |
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Term
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Definition
1) Process info
2) Interpret info
3) Send commands to the body |
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Term
| 2 Types of Neurons in CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| Reticular Activating System (RAS) |
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Definition
| Section of the midbrain that regulates levels of arousal in the brain and returns motor messages to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
1) Both hemispheres
2) Cerebal cortex
3) Hypothalamus
4) Amygdala
5) Hippocampus |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) Reticular Activating System |
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Term
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Definition
1) Cerebellum
2) Medulla and pons |
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Term
| Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System (2) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Drive is a state of unrest/irritation; animals attempt to reduce these by meeting needs in order to rest or reach homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulus pulls one towards different actions: Intrinsically (enjoyment in the task) or Extrinsically (enjoyment of the result). More of the latter causes the previous to decrease. |
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Term
| Properties of Motivated Behaviors (3) |
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Definition
1) Goal directed
2) Vary over time
3) Very between individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| Homeostatic drive initiated by a decrease in glucose and regulated by insulin and glucagon. |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulates hunger over the long term, some obesity is due to the lack of this hormone but some is due to a lack of sensitivity to it |
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Term
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Definition
| Interpretation of the nervous system's response to stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| A cutaneous sensation that is mediated by emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| Pain as a sensation must pass through a "gate" before being percieved |
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Term
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Definition
| Misinterpretation of pain that causes one to feel like there is a limb where there is no longer one |
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Term
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Definition
| A confusion of senses found in 1 in 500 people, where when one sense is activated another is perceived with it |
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Term
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Definition
| Misinterpretation of visual stimuli caused by a relationship between size and depth perception or by a function of attention and context |
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Term
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Definition
| Perception is a complex and active process: using our experience we fill in the gaps of our understanding |
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Term
| Principals of Gestalt Psychology |
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Definition
1) Figure vs Ground
2) Grouping and Similarities
3) Proximity/Closeness
4) Closure/Completion of Shapes
5) Continuity
6) Symmetry/Order |
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Term
| Biological Effects of Drugs (3) |
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Definition
1) Increases release of dopamine
2) Interferes with reuptake
3) Increases/Decreases the activity of dopamine releasing/inhibiting neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of neurons that creates the "pleasure center" of the brain and play a role in the addictive tendencies of drugs via attention and habit formation (activated by dopamine) |
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Term
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Definition
1) Stimulants
2) Depressants
3) Narcotics
4) Hallucinogens |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in energy, alertness, and activity to produce a pleasant feeling |
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Term
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Definition
| (Stimulant) Decreases brain activity and increases activity |
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Term
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Definition
| (Stimulant) Strong and slow acting |
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Term
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Definition
| (Stimulant) Mild and not as dangerous |
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Term
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Definition
| (Stimulant) Highly addictive |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreases energy, alertness, and activity, used in small amounts for relaxation |
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Term
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Definition
| (Depressant) Harmful and even lethal in excessive amounts |
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Term
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Definition
| (Depressant) Used for relaxation, sleep aid, and suppressing epileptic seizures |
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Term
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Definition
| Produce drowsiness, insensitivity to pain, and decreased responsiveness to stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| (Narcotic) Made from opium poppy or in a lab |
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Term
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Definition
| (Narcotic) Causes an increase in sensory experiences (rather than a decrease) |
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Term
| Hallucinogens (3 Examples) |
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Definition
Creates false sensory experiences and distorts actual sensory experiences:
1) Peyote
2) LSD
3) Ecstacy |
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Term
| Types of Substance Use (2) |
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Definition
1) Use without impairment (normal usage)
2) Disordered use (abuse and dependence) |
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Term
| Treatment of Substance Abuse (2) |
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Definition
1) Harm reduction: controlled reduction over time
2) Abstinence: "cold turkey" |
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Term
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Definition
| Gradual development and equally common in men and women |
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Term
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Definition
| Early development, most common and severe in men |
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