Term
|
Definition
The science (study) of the mind; has roots in biology and philosophy.
Two disciplines include behavior and mental process. "biological influences + psychological influences + social-cultural influences" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Describe
Understand
Predict
Influence
Psy tries to explain why people ACT (behavior), FEEL (affect), and THINK (cognition) the way they do |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences |
|
|
Term
| Behavior Genetics Perspective |
|
Definition
| how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes |
|
|
Term
| Psychodynamic Perspective |
|
Definition
| how behavior springs from our unconscious drives and conflicts with our conscious |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how we learn and observe responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information |
|
|
Term
| Socio-Cultural Perspective |
|
Definition
| how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures |
|
|
Term
| Developmental Perspective |
|
Definition
| looks at what stays the same (stability) and what changes as we move across our life span |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "the controversy over the relative contributions of biology and experience"; Plato was nature, Aristotle was nurture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| finding that something has happened makes it seem inevitable; the "i-knew-it-all-along phenomenon; you can be told true or false information but you will believe it to be true because of this phenomenon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| EXPLAINS through an integrated set of principles that ORGANIZES observations and PREDICTS behaviors of events; by organizing isolated facts, a theory simplifies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| examines one individual in depth in hopes of revealing things true of us all |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| looks at many cases in less depth. generally asks people to report their behavior or opinions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| observing and recording behavior in a naturally occurring environment without trying to manipulate or control the situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other; IT DOES NOT PROVE CAUSATION!!!
a correlation is positive if two sets of scores tend to rise and fall TOGETHER.
a correlation is negative if two sets of scores relate INVERSELY, one set going up as the other goes down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the experimental variable that is being manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| THE OUTCOME FACTOR; the variable that may change in response to manipulations to the independent variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Data is "noisy" and can sometimes be untrustworthy so how do we know we to trust our data to be true?
3 things that increase the reliability of an observed difference?
1. Representative Samples-represent the whole group; much better than biased samples
2. Less-variable observations
3. More cases |
|
|
Term
| Top 3 occupations with bachelor's degree in psychology |
|
Definition
1. top and mid-level managers, executives, and administrators
2. sales occupations including retail
3. social workers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
character and intelligence are largely inherited and certain ideas are INBORN.
similar beliefs include Wilhelm Wundt and Descartes
he is NATURE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"there is nothing in the mind that does not first come in from the external world through the senses" similar beliefs include John Locke
he is NURTURE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting it to either the person's SITUATION or DISPOSITION(tendency to do a specific thing); Fritz Heider
fundamental attribution error: tendency to underestimate situation, overestimate personal disposition |
|
|
Term
| foot in the door phenomenon |
|
Definition
| agreeing to a small request makes it more likely that you will comply with a (series of) larger one(s) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a set of explanations or norms about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.
example includes Zimbardo's prison where the voluntary guards began to take on their role.
Abu-Ghraib Prison= military prison in Iraq |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
|
Definition
| the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the line test when people chose the shorter line just because everyone before them did, even though it was clearly the wrong answer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dealt with OBEDIENCE; 63% of the participants continued to the end even thought they were torturing someone because they were being told to.
Conclusion: strong social influences can make people conform to falsehoods or capitulate cruelty.
"ordinary people...can become agents in a terrible destructive process." -people will follow orders! -foot in the door phenomenon was used |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
STRONGER responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
however, on tougher tasks people perform LESS well when observers or others working on the same task are present (we others observe us, we become aroused)
This arousal strengthens the CORRECT response on an EASY task and an INCORRECT response on a more DIFFICULT task |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts towards a common goal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mental tapes for how to act. provided by our culture or the media among others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if OTHER bystanders are present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unselfish regard for the welfare of others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shared goals that override differences and can be achieved only through cooperation- example = enemy boyscouts joining together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3 factors that go into it:
Proximity
Physical Attractiveness
Similarity
"average is attractive"? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
passionate love: an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another
compassionate love: the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what the give to it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information |
|
|
Term
| 3 steps of information processing |
|
Definition
1. encoding-getting info into our brain
2. storage-retaining the info
3. retrieval-getting info back out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. visual encoding of images
2. acoustic encoding of sound (words)
3. Semantic encoding of MEANING
-produces best recognition later |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unconscious encoding of incidental information; includes space, time, frequency, and well-learned information such as word meanings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sensory: the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Iconic: a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli- a photographic image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
Short term: activated memory that holds a few items BRIEFLY
Long term: the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
Implicit: retention INDEPENDENT of conscious recollection; non-declarative; cerebellum
Explicit: memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"; declarative; hippocampus
Echoic: a momentary sensory memory of AUDITORY stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
overlearning: additional rehearsal that increases retention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency for DISTRIBUTED study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repeated quizzing of previously studied material helps retain information better |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repeated quizzing of previously studied material helps retain information better; "self-assessment" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically |
|
|
Term
| Long-term Potentiation (LTP) |
|
Definition
| an increase in synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; believed to be the neural basis or foundation for learning and memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what the "web of associations" is referring to; they are pieces of information interconnected with others that you can use to access target information- they are associations we form at the time we encode a memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in the memory so that we begin to retrieve that info |
|
|
Term
| 3 reasons why memory can fail |
|
Definition
1. encoding failure: inattention to details leads to encoding failure (our mind is elsewhere as we lay down our keys and we forget where they are(
2. storage decay: information we don't use fades away; the accumulation of information interrupts our retrieval; tip of the tongue phenomenon-we don't have enough info to retrieve it
3. interference: learning some items may interfere with retrieving others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no hippocampus. lives solely in present because he lost his explicit memory due to the lost hippocampus. only has implicit (long term) memories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
our tendency to recall best the FIRST and LAST items in a list.
when recall is best for first item = primacy effect
the last items are easy to recall because they are still in working memory = recency effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| because memory is reconstruction as well as reproduction, we cannot be sure whether a memory is real by how it feels |
|
|
