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PSY 1101- Ch 1: Thinking Critically with PSY science
The need for PSY science; Scientific terminology; How do PSY asks and answers Questions; Statistical reasoning; FAQ
38
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/02/2010

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Term
Hindsight bias
Definition
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. “I knew it all along!”
Term
Curiosity, skepticism, and humility.
Definition
The 3 attitudes that help make modern science possible.
Term
Critical thinking
Definition
thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions (smart thinking). Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.
Term
Theory
Definition
an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviours or events.
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
a testable prediction, often implied by a theory.
Term
Operational definition
Definition
a statement of the procedures (operations) used to defined research variables. (For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures.
Term
Replication
Definition
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances. (If other researchers re-create a study (REPLICATE) then our confidence in the finding’s reliability grows.)
Term
Case Study
Definition
an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.
Term
Survey
Definition
a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviours of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.
Term
“Wording effects” issue in a survey
Definition
The fact that the phrasing of a question (even if the meanings are the same) will affect people’s expressed opinions. (For example: People are more likely to approve “not allowing” too much TV violence rather than “forbidding” it or “censoring” it.)
Term
Random sample
Definition
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.
Term
Population
Definition
all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn.
Term
Naturalistic observation
Definition
observing and recording behaviour in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.
Term
Correlation coefficient
Definition
a statistical index of the relationship/correlation between two things (from -1.00 to +1.00).
Term
Scatterplots
Definition
a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation).
Term
Correlation
Definition
a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.
Term
A negative correlation
Definition
a correlation of two sets of scores that relate inversely, one set going up as the other goes down.
Term
A positive correlation
Definition
a correlation of two sets of scores that relate directly, they both tend to rise or fall together.
Term
Correlations help us predict, but do NOT prove anything.
Definition
Does a correlation indicate a possibility of a cause-effect relationship, or does it prove a cause-effect relationship?
Term
An illusory correlation
Definition
A perceived but nonexistent correlation. (When we believe there is a relationship between 2 things, we are likely to notice and recall instances that confirm our belief.)
Term
Yes.
It is called a “perceived order” in random events.
Definition
Can you perceive order in random events, seeing patterns in data that do not actually exist?
Term
Experiment
Definition
a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behaviour or mental process (the dependent variable).
Term
Random assignment
Definition
assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing pre-existing differences between those assigned to the different groups.
Term
Double-blind procedure
Definition
an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. (Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.)
Term
Placebo effect
Definition
experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behaviour caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.
Term
Experimental group
Definition
in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.
Term
Control group
Definition
in an experiment, the group that is NOT exposed to the treatment, and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
Term
Independent variable
Definition
the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
Term
Dependent variable
Definition
the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to the manipulations of the independent variable.
Term
Mode
Definition
the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution.
Term
Mean
Definition
the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.
Term
Median
Definition
the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it.
Term
Range
Definition
the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
Term
Standard deviation
Definition
a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score.
Term
A: Averages derived from scored with LOW variability.
Definition
Q: Which averages are more reliable? The averages derived from scores with low variability or the averages derived from scores with high variability?
Term
Normal (distribution) curve
Definition
a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data. (This bell-shaped curve is typical of a large variety of data found in nature.)
Term
Statistical significance
Definition
a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.
Term
Culture
Definition
the enduring behaviours, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
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