Term
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Definition
The mind & body are separate
The mind exists after death
We are born with innate ideas |
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Definition
Denied the existence of innate ideas
Knowledge grows from experience (empiricism)
Mind & body are NOT separate |
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Definition
| the belief that knowledge comes from experience |
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Definition
| the belief that knowledge comes from reasoning |
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Definition
there exists only one substance
everything is physical |
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physical substance is separable from mental or spiritual substance
The existence of a "soul"/spirit |
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Term
| Rene Descartes (1595-1650) |
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Definition
"I think, therefore I am"
Agreed w/ Socrates & Plato
Dualist
Proposed the first model of communication between mind & body |
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Term
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Definition
Rejected the ideas of Descartes
At birth, we are a blank slate (Tabula Rasa)
Knowledge originates in experience, therefore science should rely on observation & experimentation
helped found modern empiricism & modern science |
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Term
| Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) |
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Definition
Established 1st psychology lab in Germany
attempted to define the "structure" of the mind
Founder of experimental/cognitive psychology |
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| William James (1842-1910) |
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Definition
Father of American Psychology
Studied the function of the mind
Founded "functionalism"
Defined psychology as "the science of mental life" |
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| Modern psychology is developed from: |
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Definition
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Definition
psychology as the study of observable behaviors
John Watson & BF Skinner
"no thoughts, just behavior"
The brain is an organ w/ predictable behavior (cause & effect) |
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Term
Cognitive Revolution
(1960s) |
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Definition
Psychology became re-interested in mental processes
the science of behavior AND mental processes |
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Term
| Fields of Contemporary Psychology: |
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Definition
1. Research psychologists
2. Applied research psychologists
3. Clinical application psychologists
4. Psychiatrists (prescribe medication) |
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Term
| The goal of science is to: |
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Definition
| describe, predict, & explain |
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Term
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Definition
consider observations
develop theories
develop hypothesis
test the hypothesis
consider observations |
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Term
Naturalistic Observation
(Method of Investigation) |
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Definition
observation of behavior in the natural environment
limited to describing behavior
provides no explanation of behavior
spawns new research |
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Term
Case Studies
(Method of Investigation) |
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Definition
intense studies of a single individual/group
case may be atypical, so results may have limited generalizability |
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Case Studies
(Method of Investigation) |
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Definition
intense studies of a single individual/group
case may be atypical, so results may have limited generalizability |
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Term
Surveys
(Method of Investigation) |
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Definition
collect shallow data from large samples
wording of questions matter
may be influenced by a biased sample |
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Correlation Observation
(Method of Investigation) |
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Definition
| behaviors that are related to each other are correlated |
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Term
| Correlation doesn't imply: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| variable that is manipulated |
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Definition
| variable that is measured by the researcher |
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Definition
| ensures a sample that is representative of the population |
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| ensures that groups are equal on as many dimensions as possible |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
cell body
contains the nucleus and provides for the life processes of the cell |
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Term
dendrites
(neuron structure) |
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Definition
| receive messages from other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| carries information from the cell body to the terminal buttons |
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Term
terminal buttons
(neuron structure) |
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Definition
| pass information to the next neuron in the sequence |
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Term
myelin sheath
(neuron structure) |
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Definition
| insulating fatty tissue that dramatically increases transmission speed |
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Term
action potential
(nerve impulse) |
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Definition
a rapid increase in positive charge that travels down the axon
"all or none" response |
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Term
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Definition
the gap between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of the next
synaptic transmission proceeds in only one direction and can be either excitatory or inhibitory |
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Term
| neurons communicate using: |
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Definition
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Term
| Central Nervous System (CNS): |
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Definition
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): |
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Definition
autonomic nervous system - "fight/flight"
somatic nervous system - voluntary muscle control |
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Term
| the spinal cord contains ____________ that receive sensory input & produce motor output __________ involving the brain |
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Definition
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Term
Medulla
(subcortical brain structures - brainstem) |
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Definition
heartbeat
general "cardio-vascular functions:
breathing |
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Term
Reticular formation
(subcortical brain structures - brainstem) |
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Definition
physiological arousal (alertness)
some "reward" centers |
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Term
Cerebellum
(subcortical brain structures - brainstem) |
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Definition
| coordinated movement & balance |
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Term
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Definition
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Hypothalamus
(limbic system) |
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Definition
motivational systems:
the "four F's"
some "reward" centers |
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Definition
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Term
Hippocampus
(limbic system) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
thin, massively folded outer covering of the brain
nearly all information processing occurs in the cortex
convoluted to increase surface area |
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Term
| each hemisphere of the cortex receives info from & controls the _________ side of the body |
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Definition
opposite
also called contralateral functioning |
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Term
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Definition
planning
judging
speaking
problem solving
motor cortex - controls movement |
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Term
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Definition
somatosensory cortex (sensory cortex)
receives input from the body
registers body position |
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Term
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Definition
created by input to adjacent regions of the somatosensory cortex
ex.) loss of hand: input from arm & face
loss of foot: input from leg & genitals (can produce orgasm in the phantom foot) |
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Term
| damage to the right parietal lobe causes: |
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Definition
| sensory neglect of the left half of the body & the left half of visual space |
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Term
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Definition
| primary visual processing area |
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Term
| info from the right visual field is sent to the: |
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Definition
| left hemisphere and vice versa |
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Term
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Definition
auditory processing
object recognition
RH stroke can lead to prosopagnosia |
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Definition
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Definition
control & recognition of facial expressions
analysis of complex visual patterns (faces) |
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Definition
| bundle of fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when the corpus callosum is surgically severed (commissurotomy)
once thought to have no major function but epilepsy patients appeared normal after colossal transection
"two conscious minds in a single body" |
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Term
| split brain patients cannot _________ identify info presented to the L visual field or the L hand but they can use their L hand to ____________ identify info presented to their L visual field |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the initial process of detecting & encoding environmental energy |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of organizing & interpreting sensations into meaningful experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| converting energy in the environment into electrical signals |
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest amt of stimulus energy necessary or an observer to reliably detect a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for focusing images on the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| the iris can change the size of the pupil to control the amt of light entering the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| a layer of neurons at the back of the eye containing the photoreceptors |
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Term
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Definition
near sightedness
the eyeball is too long and the point of focus is in front of the retina |
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Term
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Definition
far sightedness
the eyeball is too short and the point of focus in behind the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| used for daytime & color vision |
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Term
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Definition
| used for low light & nighttime vision |
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Term
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Definition
contain light sensitive chemicals called photopigments
& are located at the back of the retina |
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Term
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Definition
very sensitive to sunlight
many of them
found only in the periphery |
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Term
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Definition
less sensitive to light
fewer of them
concentrated in the fovea |
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Term
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Definition
the central 0.5-0.3 degrees of vision
consists entirely of cone receptors |
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Term
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Definition
the region where the optic nerve leaves the eye
no photoreceptors are present in the blind spot |
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Term
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Definition
| a process resulting in an increase in the eye's sensitivity in the dark |
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Term
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory (1802)
(theory of color vision) |
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Definition
| proposed that there are three different types of color receptors (cones) ea. responding maximally to a different wavelength but having some response virtually every wavelength |
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Term
| Hering's Opponent-Process Theory (1878) |
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Definition
red/green & blue/yellow opponent process cells further filter the color message on the way to the brain
afterimages |
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Term
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Definition
the result of a malfunction in one or more of the three types of cones
usually men, b/c trait is carried on the X chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure changes in a medium capable of being detected by auditory organs |
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Term
| tympanic membrane (eardrum): |
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Definition
| vibrates in response to pressure changes in the atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| three bones that transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid-filled, bony, snail-shaped chamber containing the smaller structures of the inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
| receptors for sound attached to the auditory nerve |
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Term
| the ____________ & ____________ of the vibrations in the cochlea determine the signal that is sent to the auditory cortex |
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Definition
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Term
| the skin is filled with receptors for __________, ___________, & __________. |
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Definition
| pressure, temperature, & pain |
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Term
| humans have approx. ___________ olfactory cells (analogous to photoreceptors) |
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Definition
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Term
| 1 million taste receptors are located on: |
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Definition
| 10,000 taste buds on tongue, inner cheeks, throat, & palates |
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Term
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Definition
bitter
sour
salty
sweet
umami |
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Term
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Definition
| taste, aroma, color, texture, temperature |
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Term
| favor is determined more by _________ than taste |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| endolymph filled tubes containing hair cells that bend as endolymph flows by |
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Term
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Definition
fluid-filled sacks containing hair cells that are stimulated by calcium rocks (otoliths) as the head moves
register head tilt & linear acceleration |
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Term
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Definition
| our perceptions of the world are constrained by our mind's interpretation of incoming sensations |
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Term
| __________ is often a necessary component for perceptual processing |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
occlusion (interposition)
relative size
texture gradients & linear perspective |
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Term
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Definition
| as one moves through the environment, nearer stationary objects move faster than further stationary objects |
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Term
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Definition
| the relative stability of lightness perception under differing illumination intensities |
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Term
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Definition
| the relative stability of color perception under differing wavelengths |
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