Term
| evolution by natural selection |
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Definition
| process of differential reproduction |
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| sources of natural selection |
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Definition
| (circumstances or context for failure to produce offspring) |
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| greater fitness means more offspring |
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| trait that enhances fitness |
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| trait persistence or stasis under relaxed natural selection |
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| physical and behavioral traits |
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Definition
coevolutionary changes between and within species based on predatory or
aggressive relationships) - can provide sources of natural selection for trail evolution |
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Definition
| actual genomic information |
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Definition
pathways of gene expression producing
traits. Genes expression can be effected by environment. |
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Definition
winnowing down of population to small number of individuals
following by population growth with inbreeding. Also "founding population" in which
few individuals (males and pregnant females) migrate to isolated habitats and the
population that grows there has their traits at high frequencies) |
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Definition
behavior (capitalization on provocative or nonprovocative aspects
of visual and acoustic information often expresses by social displays in solitary and social
species) |
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Definition
(differential timing of trait appearance or maturation), also discussed in
Chapter 10 (Coss & Schowengerdt, 1998) p. 162. |
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Definition
| slowing down of somatic trait without changing the onset of reproductive age |
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Definition
| slowing down of the onset of sexual maturity/reproductive age. |
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Definition
juvenile traits maintained at a reproductive age. can be caused by neoteny
or by speeding up of the age of reproduction relative to another trait (“acceleration”
which was not emphasized) |
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Term
| facial-cranial characteristics |
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Definition
(such as face size, prognathic jaw, relative to cranial/forehead
elevation,slope or curvatuve (archaic Homo sapiens have large facial to cranial ratio
relative to anatomically modern Homo sapiens. |
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Definition
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Definition
| recognition of age of individual affecting relationship |
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Definition
recognizing a conspecific (member of same species) and
heterospecific species (a different species) affecting safe/dangerous relationships with
these individuals. |
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Term
| coevolution of trait preference |
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Definition
trait changes in individuals over evolutionary time due to
sexual selection in mate choice which also evolves, but choice "drives" the appearance
changes as "ornaments" long antlers, bright plumage, dynamic courtship displays -
probably does not account for the saltatory change from archaic to anatomically modern
humans (for more information on this issue, see Chapter 10 (Coss & Schowengerdt, 1998)
for details in Introduction and Discussion sections) |
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Term
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Definition
as applied to the class) is the situation within which to make behavioral. relational backdrop of another organism-environment relationship as perceived by another
organism
decisions from the perspective of that individual or perceiver. Context also can mean the |
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Definition
| those that serve more than one function |
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Definition
typically refers to forebrain/neocortex expansion during evolution
(forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain distinctions) |
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Definition
extinction of large mammals in Europe by human hunters at the end
of the last Ice Age. |
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Definition
| (within the past 100,000 years before the end of the last Ice Age |
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Definition
period spanning approx. 10,000 years ago to the beginning of large cities with
writing approx. 4,000 years ago) |
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Term
| Preparedness continuum/construct |
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Definition
| evolutionarily prepared constraint on learning |
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Term
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Definition
(rapid learning a relationship between environmental cues and
consequences with few learning trials |
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Term
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Definition
(requires many trials or
situations before learning is achieved |
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Definition
difficulty or complete
failure to learn an association between environmental cues and consequences) |
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Definition
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Definition
the degree to which a trait emerges with the interaction of genes and
environment in a epigenetic landscape |
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Term
| deeply canalized development |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
trait can take another developmental route if disturbed
during development |
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Definition
(a single gene having an effect on many traits. The developmental
interactions of many genes with these properties tends to buffer evolutionary change. leading to stasis or evolutionary persistence) of morphology and behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
hierarchy of individuals looking at each other with lower dominant
individual looking more at higher dominant individuals than the converse). Note that a
variety of information is used by individuals to assess rank and the intentions of others |
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Term
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Definition
(within same sex communication via behavior and appearance and
presentations of decorative devices/consumer products); intersexual or epigamic displays
(male-female communication via behavior and appearance and presentations of decorative
devices/consumer products |
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Definition
| hierarchy of rank, status or command within a social group |
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Definition
(brief or sustained interactions among mates - involves male and female
choice and continued interaction in child care |
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Term
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Definition
| (size, body morphology, behavioral differences between the sexes |
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Term
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Definition
polygynous (promiscuity = many sexual partners - polygamy = many
wives), monogamous (single, stable pair bond) |
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Term
| Stress and urban/city situations |
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Definition
Chapter 17: Stanley Milgram’s theory of "stimulus
overload" (competition among perceptual inputs dilutes attention toward the urgent needs
of others). The alternative model is the "selective attention" theory of high investment/per input (well-defined rather than diluted time-budgeting) and choice in
assisting or not assisting others. Both theories can engender a "limited span of
sympathy." |
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Term
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Definition
traditions which include the expectation of others on individual behavior)
habituation (familiarity with environmental features so they do not predict changing
circumstances) |
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Term
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Definition
effects of crowding reducing behavioral challenges similar to isolation rearing -
both of which affect brain development leading undeveloped or juvenile behavior in
adults) |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior with developmental deprivation |
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Term
| social/interpersonal press |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
expression of juvenile aggregative behavior in Calhoun’s rats during
crowing experiments |
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Definition
| distance apart of individuals. ? privacy and architectural solutions |
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Definition
| lives in nonsocial context except for mating |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (excessive or clinically pathological fears |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (fear of new situations, including technology |
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Definition
perceptual biases (innate or highly prepared responsiveness or
recognition by specific sensory modality) - affects design decision making and consumer
choice or sensitivity to clothing and products displayed by others.
(responses of children as index of historical important) |
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Term
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Definition
(recognition of meaning of whole shape/texture or what it represents
or can do), feature recognition (recognition of meaning of part of larger visual or acoustic
pattern). Visual attraction (attention getting or inspection which includes physical
approach) |
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Term
| Shapes and textures manipulating behavior. |
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Definition
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Term
Ecologically important shape mimicry by designers (copying provocative natural forms
for design/display purposes).
For further details on the types and use of specific shapes and textures relevant to the
course, please read Chapter 3 (Coss, 2003). |
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Definition
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Term
| Neuroendocrine stress pathways |
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Definition
sequence: 1)
cognitive assessment of the situation causing stress, 2) activation of the hypothalamus
which triggers the release of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary. 3)
ACTH circulating in the blood streams activates the adrenal cortex (outer cortex of the
adrenal gland), causing the production of cortisol (a glucose modulating hormone or
glucocorticoid). Cortisol has several effects the primary of which involves the release of
glucose from fatty tissues, notably the liver. Glucose powers the muscles for increasing
strength and mobility. It also causes a suppression of inflammation, especially around
the joints thus allowing short-term mobility to escape a threat. Persistent elevation of. cortisol causes long-term health problems, including a suppression of the immune system,
tissue digestion to release glucose, shrinking of the pituitary, loss of bone calcium, This
pathway is triggered in minutes and cortisol has a half-life of approx. 2 hours. The
second pathway produces a release of a short pulse of glucose that can affect memory,
heart rate and blood pressure. Again, assessment of the stressor 1) activates neural
pathways in the spinal cord that connect to the adrenal medulla (the center portion of the
adrenal gland). 2) This neural activity causes a rapid release of catecholamines, with
epinephrine as the most important catecholamine for our discussion on stress. 3) Like
cortisol, epinephrine circulating in the blood stream causes the liver to convert fatty acids
to glucose which enhances memory of the stressful event. Although released into the
blood stream much faster than cortisol, epinephrine has a half life of about 2 minutes.
The glucose release is short term, but effective in mobilizing the body to cope with stress. |
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Term
Researchers discussed relevant to stress lecture
Crowding and work-related illness (pathology): Chombart de Lauwe (1959)
Crowding and pathology in rats (including behavioral sink): John B. Calhoun (1960s)
Job performance and cortisol release (sleep deprivation, B-52 pilots): John Mason (1959)
Dormitory life and cortisol emissions: Chapter 22 (Aiello et al., 1981)
Crowding perception in dormitories: Andrew Baum and Glenn Davis
Train crowding and epinephrine emissions: (Chapter 21, Lundberg)
Room crowding and social pathology: Chapter 23 (Galle et al.)
Effect of repetitive frowning eye panels on shoplifting: James Lennon (1970) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| developmental history of an organism within its own lifetime |
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Term
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Definition
| Stanley Milgram. over welmed attention. Priotized attention--some stimuli receive more attention than others Only able to attend to so many stimuli at one time. Dilusion of attention. |
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Term
| Selective Attention Model |
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Definition
| over welmed attention. Priotized attention--some stimuli receive more attention than others Only able to attend to so many stimuli at one time. Dilusion of attention. My not help also because you choose not to, based on context and physical appearance in which one makes judgments against. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Process of becoming mature. This seem to have been delayed |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| known as the startle reflex, is one of the infantile reflexes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Perception shaped by natural selection |
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Definition
| 1. detect 2. Reconize 3. Assessment (cognition) 3. Behavior and decisions |
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Term
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Definition
| regulate the body's retention of water and increases blood pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| In crease cortical (stress). Increase disease. More people in a room more health problems. |
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Term
| Reducing the effect of crowding |
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Definition
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