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Definition
| Factors that energize (activation), direct (guidance), or sustain (persistance) behavior. |
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Term
| Where motivation comes from |
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Definition
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Term
| Need: Definition and Examples |
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Definition
Definition: State of Deficiency
Examples: couldn't sleep so you get the drive of being tired |
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Definition
| Motivation to perform a behavior |
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Definition
People respond to deviations from the norm |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency for body functions to maintain equilibrium |
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Term
| Maslow's heirarchy of needs |
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Definition
| Influential need theory in which human needs are arranged into a need heirarchy. Survival needs (eg hunger & thirst) are lowest and personal growth are highest in terms of ultimate priority. Maslow believed that satisfaction of lower needs in heirarchy allowed humans to function at a higher level. People must have their biological needs met, feel safe and secure, feel loved, and have a good opinion of themselves in order to experience personal growth. (physiological -> safety -> love/belonging -> esteem -> self-actualization) |
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Term
| McClelland's Three Needs Theory |
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Definition
Different people have different levels of each need:
1) Achievement: The desire to succeed at difficult, challenging tasks.
2) Affiliation: The desire for close interpersonal relationships
3) Power: The desire to influence and control others. |
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Term
| Arousal Theory (Yerkes-Dodson Law) |
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Definition
A HEALTHY dose of motivation improves performance. Performance increases with arousal up to an optimal point, after which it decreases with increasing arousal, thus creating a shape like an inverted "U."
Too little anxiety can cause you to be inattentive; too much anxiety can paralyze your thinking and interfere with memory. |
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Term
Behaviors that can be motivated by factors that are either:
1) Intrinsic or
2) Extrinsic
Define |
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Definition
1) Intrinsic: Engaging in an activity because of the value or pleasure associated with that activity, rather than for an apparent biological goal or purpose. Reward is internal (pleasure, satisfaction, accomplishment).
2) Extrinsic: Engaging in an activity to meet an external goal or expectation. Reward is external (praise, money, power)
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Term
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Definition
The need for interpersonal attachments is a fundamental motive that has evolved for adaptive purposes. Those who lived with others were more likely to survive and pass along their genes. |
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Definition
Workers can be motivated by acknowledging their social needs and making them feel important. To improve work performance: pay attention to workers and increase workers' sense of belonging.
eg. women working in radio transmitter factory - the 6 workers who were put in a group and interacted with supervisor performed better |
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Term
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Definition
People are motivated to have accurate information about themselves and others. ie. when anxious, individuals tend to seek out social interaction. They gauge levels of anxiety of other people in order to adjust/guide their own behavior.
eg. an experiment which consisted of individuals getting electrically shocked: individuals were given the option to wait alone or with others before the shocking, and most chose to wait with others. |
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Term
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Definition
The appreciation of one's own mortality can be a motivation factor. People are more likely to hold onto their cultural worldviews when faced with this threat.
eg. After 9/11, indivduals were motivated to help each other out. |
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Term
People are highly motivated to set and acheive personal goals. They are motivated to know that after performing a behavior, there is a goal in sight and they will reach it. The goal seems attainable.
Define: Self-efficacy |
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Definition
| The belief that one's efforts will lead to success. |
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Term
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Definition
Although our motivation to eat is the result of needing nourishment, there are significant psychological and cultural components to the behavior. Good tasting food motivates eating. |
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Term
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Definition
| We grow tired of a single flavor. |
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Term
Addictive Behavior
1) Physical Dependence
2) Psychological Dependence |
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Definition
Motivation to achieve a brief pleasure, even at the risk of long-term damage.
1) Physical dependence: discontinuing a substance or behavior leads to physiological withdrawal (anxiety, tension, cravings)
2) psychological dependence: habitual and compulsive substance use despite the consequences. People can be psychologically dependent without showing tolerance or withdrawal. People can also show psychological dependence on other behaviors such as gambling or shopping. |
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Term
Models of Addiction
1) Disease Model
2) Genetic Model
3) Experiential Model |
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Definition
1) disease model: impairment of neurochemical and/or behavioral processes (mental illness)
2) genetic model: inherited predisposition - certain genetic makeup are more likely to engage in addictive behavior; eg, can persist in families, is out of own control
3) experiential model: due mainly to experience, mostly temporary and situational, often outgrown |
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Term
Sexual Behavior is the result of an interplay between multiple levels:
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Definition
Biology (wanting to pass down our own genes)
Culture
Gender (previous thought that male motivations were different than females) |
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Term
The study of sexual behavior: The Kinsey Reports |
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Definition
One of the first to explore this area, resulted in the following findings:
-premarital sex is common in both sexes
-masturbation is common in both sexes
-women are motivated to have sex
-women enjoy orgasms
-homosexual behavior is relatively common (~10%) |
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Term
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Definition
Chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to targeted tissues
-influence development of brain and body
-influence sexual behavior through motivation. |
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Term
Sexual Strategies Theory
Men vs. Women |
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Definition
Sexual behavior has evolved differently in men and women due to biological differences
Men: motivated to pass on genes (as much as possible)
Women: constrained by offspring care (want to maintain viability of child) |
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Term
Sex differences in jealousy
Forced choice vs. Likert scale |
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Definition
When men and women were forced to make a choice as to whether they'd be more upset over a significant other having an emotional affair as opposed to a physical affair, men said they'd be more upset if it was physical and women if it was emotional.
However, when men and women had to rate their level of upsetness on a scale of 1-10, there were no differences in results. |
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Term
Sexual Orientation
1) Heterosexual
2) Homosexual
3) Bisexual |
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Definition
1) heterosexual: intimate relationships and/or sexual relations between male and female individuals
2) homosexual: having an enduring sexual and romantic attraction towards those of the same sex
3) bisexual: having a romantic and sexual attraction toward individuals of both males and females |
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Term
Homo - and Bisexuality in Animals
Evolutionarily Adaptive?
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Definition
| for forming alliances, gaining protection? |
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