beaware of plants natural shape

1. excurrent and 2. decurrent

1 sweet gum has cone shape has a central leader

2.mulberry has no central leader

rythm or line

balance

scale and or proportion

emphasis and or pocalization

key goals

function and aesthetics

4 elements

color, texture, form, line

General Principals of Pruning 

and Training

evalute the whole plant

think before you cut

apical dominance is broken when a stem is cut

pruning re-invegerates growth

pruning can be used to direct growth

timing is critical

pruning can be used to create specific growth

Objects of Pruning

4

plant sanitation

aesthetics

reproductive objectives

physicalogical objectives

Interface with apical dominance

growth stimulation

disrupts balancebetween shoots and roots and plant responds to pruning the shoots with a burst of new growth to correct this balance

Thin # of fruiting branches to increase fruit size and quality

balance reproductive and vegetative growth for optimal yield

uniform fruit distribution

easier access

to reduce transplant shock

to induce lateral branching by removing apical dominance

rejuvenation

severe pruning may have a dwarfing effect

pruning in winterconserves energy for spring regrowth

Apical dominance-growth regulation in plants where auxins setreted by terminal bud inhibit the growth of lateral branches

Pinching- breaking the terminal bud by hand

Growth stimulation-top & bottom balance(dwarfing effect)

found in tissues of ripening fruit and stem nodes
promotes
fruit ripening, uniform ripening of bananas, apples and pineapple
leaf abscission
degreening of citrus
synthetic form is ethephon
Abscisic Acid (AVA) pg 183
inhibitor of growth
promotes fruit and leaf abscission
counteracts the breaking of dormancy
This 1 is an inhibitor of growth the other 4 promote growth

stimulates cell division and lateral bud development
Isolated from actively dividing tissue
embryonic or meristematic organs
coconut
normally produced at the root system but may grow from another spot

zeatin(natureal form)kernel of corn

Gibberellins GA3

produced in embryo of the seed and cotyledons of immature seeds and roots
occurs in germinating seeds,, flowers and developing fruit
promotes
cell division
stem elongation
flowering and fruit development
in carrot and cabbage exposure to long days or cold is required to induce flowering (bolting)
GA eliminates the need for these environmental treatments
Digitalis
-overcomes dwarfism
-induces seedlessness in grapes
-increases size of seedless grapes(‘thompson’)

produced in meristematic tissue
root tips
shoot tips
apical buds
young leaves and flowers
newly developing tissues
Function
regulate cell division and stem elongation, leaf expansion and abscission fruit devedlopment and branching of the stems
used in rooting and in cutting
prevent fruit drop
increases blossoms and fruit set in tomato
fruit thinning to get larger fruits
defoliation before harvest
prevent sprouting of potatoes, tree trunk basal sprouts

* remove dead branches

*promotes secondary branch growth

*prune so the buds are pointing outward

used to rejuvinate old plants by taking out the dead branches so the other branches can grow

When to Prune 

2 times 

Blooms in the Spring

When to Prune 

2 times 

Blooms in summer or fall

Hand Shears(hand pruners)-made to be held in 1 hand and normally what is used

Lopping Shears (loppers)-designed to cut larger branches

Hedge Shears- 2 handed tool designed for trimming and shaping hedges and ground cover

Saw-designed to cut on the forward strook- high tree branches

Pole Pruners- same as lopping but on a long pole

Cell Division

a plant that is asexually propagated from another; both plants are genetically identical

example-tulip, peonie

is the major source of biological variation, resulting from the event of crossing over.  However, the ultimate source of variation is mutation. The expression genes is subject to the environment in which they occurred.

occurs only in specialized tissues in the reproductive parts(flowers) of plants.

*the cell is the fundemental unit of organization of life

*the cell is endowed with a complete complement of genetic information to code for the materials required for the formation of entire organism from which it was derived.

Called totipotency

produce more plants exactly like the parent
*seeds
*plant parts
purposes of plant propagation
1 preservation of germplasm
*to ensure that the original characteristics of the plant are maintained
2. crop production
*to increase or replicate the source material
*thousands of plants or seeds
3. landscaping
*plants for landscape to fulfill aesthetic and functional purposes

Fertilization: the union of gametes, and egg and a sperm to from a zygot
*pollen grain germinates on the stigma and produces a tube(pollen tube.)
*2 sperm nuclei(n) are carried down the style into the embryo sac.
*One sperm nuclei fertilizes the egg to form the zygot(2n)
* the other sperm nuclei  fuses with a large central cell of the embryo sac to produce a triploid(3n) cell becoming

Old cultivars are changed by improved new genes
by making new cultivars more
*disease and insect resistance
*higher yielding
*more attractive
*better in other ways according to the breeders objectives

Commercial Classes of Seeds

there are 4

Breeder Seed
Foundation Seed/select Seed
Registered Seed
Certified Seed- the progeny of registered seed that is maintained at a satisfactory genetic identity and purity, and approved and certified by an official certifying agency.

apomixis

3rd type of cultivar

seeds are dry seeds taht have the ability to germinate, but are limited by their environment

example

 temperature and water

a gaseous environment consisting of several components

nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and oxygen.

A plant hormone that accelerate growth and is also involved in dormancy, abscission, rooting, tuber formation and other activities.

natural is indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)

Synthetic is 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2,4-D)

are homones that stimulate cell division and lateral bud development

natural is- isopentenyl adenine(IPA) and Zeatin(Z)

GA3 or Gibberellic acid

is used in commercial horticulture to improve plant growth and yields

is natural auxin called

indole-3-acetic acid

synthetic auxin called

indole-3-butyric acid

most common disease of seelings

fungal attack

a region of the plant consisting of undifferentiated and rapidly growing and dividing cells

micronutrients

or 

minor trace elements

primary are utilized in large amounts by plants and are often prone to deficiency in the soil.

secondary- are used in minute ammounts and normally easily found

epiphytes found on tree bark

part of the orchid with diverse characteristics

a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a meduim or liquid 7 is nutreal

is simply the reproduction or duplication of a plant from a source (mother plant)

Some kinds of plants are almost always propagated by one method or the other.
Others can be propagated successfully either way.

absorbed primarily as othophosphate ions. 

found in proteins and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and is critical in the energy transfer process.

it helps root proliferation and early crop maturity

is the root-shoot junction

new shoots may be harvested by crown division, which entails cutting the crowns into pieces such that each piece has roots and a shoot.