Unicellular

Chemoheterotrophs

1. The protozoan is actively growing, feeding, multiplying
2. The protozoan is susceptible to dehydration, acid and various unfavorable environmental conditions

1.  The protozoan is thick-walled, inactive, dormant, and is resistant to drying

2.  The cyst is formed when conditions become unfavorable for growth.

3.  Formation of the cyst is not reproductive- a trophozoite forms one cyst and usually one trophozoite is released from a cyst

1.  Encystment

2.  Excystment

1.  The trophozoite forms a cyst

2.  The cyst becomes a trophozoite

• Locomotion:  Cilia

• Asexual reproduciton:  Transverse binary fission daughter cells

• Sexual reproduction:  Two identical looking cells are in direct contact when genetic material is transferred from one cell to another

• Locomation:  Pseudopodia
• Asexual reproduction:  Binary fission- division of cell into two equal sized
• Sexual reproduction:  None

Mastigophora/Flagellates

• Locomotion:  Flagella
• Asexual reproduction:  Longitudinal binary fission
• Sexual reproduction:  None

• Locomotion:  Not motile
• Asexual reproduction:  Schizogony (multiple fission)- Multiple nuclear mitoses, then cytoplasmic division, producing several small daughter cells.  
• Sexual reproduction:  Fusion of two different gametes

• Name of disease:  Non-pathogenic
• Transmission:  Free living in water
• Sarcodina/Amoeba

• Name of the disease:  Amebic dysentery
• Transmission:  Fecal-oral route
• Other info:  Trophozoite has a nucleus with large nucleolus (karyosome); cysts have 4 nuclei plus chromatin bodies (clusters of ribosomes); usually intestinal; extraintestinal to produce liver abscess
• Diagnosis:  cysts and trophozoites in feces
• Sarcodina/Amoeba

Giardia intestinalis

(formerly Giardia lamblia)

• Name of the disease:  Giardiasis
• Transmission:  Fecal-oral; transmitted via water/food/air
• Other info:  Diarrhea, flatulence, steatorrhea (fat in feces); resistance to chlorine
• Diagnosis:  Cysts and trophozoites in feces
• Mastigophora/Flagellates

• Name of the disease:  Trichomoniasis
• Transmission:  Contact
• Other info:  An STD resulting in discolored discharge from vagina or urethra; no cyst stage
• Mastigophora/Flagellates

• Name of the disease:  Sleeping sickness
• Transmission:  Tsetse fly
• Other info:  Myalgia, lethargy, mental retardation, convulsion, coma, death
• Diagnosis  Blood smear showing trophozoites, serology
• Mastigophora/Flagellates

• Name of the disease:  Chagas disease
• Transmission:  Reduvid bug (kissing bug) (triatoma)
• Other info:  Trophozoites in feces of vector: vector bites and defecates; chagoma at site of bite; invades and causes eblargment of the heart, liver, esophagus, and colon
• Diagnosis:  serology, biopsy of affected tissues
• Mastigophora/Flagellates

• Name of the disease:  Balantidiosis
• Transmission:  Fecal-oral, zoonotic in pig
• Other info:  Has a macronucleuus and a micronucleus; has a definite mouth (cytostome)
• Diagnosis:  trophozoites and cysts in feces
• Ciliophora

• Name of the disease produced:  Malaria
• Transmission:  Female mosquito (Anopheles)
• Other info:  sexual cycle in mosquito, asexual cycle in man; chills, fever, sweats, shakes with periodicity
• Diagnosis:  trophs in blood smear, serology
• Sporozoa/Apicomplexa

• Name of the disease produced: Toxoplasmosis
• Transmission:  Ingestion of improperly cooked infected meat, ingestion of oocysts in cat feces, transplacental, transfusion
• Other info:   Mono-like symptoms in healthy: damaged  brain and eyes in  AIDS  victims; congenital  malformations;  syngamy in felines   schizogony  in humans, birds, mice, sheep, cows
• Diagnosis:  Serology, biopsy
• Sporozoa/Apicomplexa

Ameoba proteus

Sarcodina/Amoeba

Non-pathogenic

Balantidium coli cyst

Ciliophora

Balantidiosis

Balantidium coli troph

Ciliophora

Balantidiosis

Entamoeba histolytica

Sarcodina/Amoeba

Amebic dysentery

Giardia intestinalis (formerly Giardia lamblia)

Mastigophora/Flagellates

Giardiasis

Giardia intestinalis cyst

Mastigophora/Flagellates

Giardiasis

Plasmodium vivax

 Sporozoa/Apicomplexa

Malaria

Trypanosoma cruzi

Mastigophora/Flagellates

Chagas' disease

Toxoplasma gondi

Sporozoa/Apicomplexa

Toxoplasmosis

Trichomonas vaginalis

Mastigophora/Flagellates

Trichomoniasis